PIONEERS OF NUCLEAR PHYSICS RESEARCH
| Scientist | Nationality | Discovery | Recognition |
| J J Thomson | Britain | Electron (1897) | Nobel in Physics (1906) |
| Henri Becquerel | Belgium | Radioactivity (1896) | Nobel in Physics (1903) |
| Ernest Rutherford | New Zealand | Structure of atom (1907) | Nobel in Chemistry (1908) He is regarded as the father of nuclear physics |
| Franco Rasetti | Italy/USA | Nuclear spin (1929) | |
| James Chadwick | Britain | Neutron (1932) | Nobel in Physics (1935) |
| Enrico Fermi | Italy/USA | Nuclear chain reaction (1942) Neutron irradiation | Nobel in Physics (1938) |
| Hideki Yukawa | Japan | Strong nuclear force (1935) | Nobel in Physics (1949) |
| Hans Bethe | Germany/USA | Nuclear fusion (1939) | Nobel in Physics (1967) |
APPLICATIONS OF NUCLEAR PHYSICS
| Application | Developed by | Working principle | Use |
| Nuclear power | Enrico Fermi (Italy, 1934) | Nuclear fission | Power generation |
| Nuclear weapons | Enrico Fermi (Italy, 1934) Edward Teller (USA, 1952) | Nuclear fission Nuclear fusion | Weapons |
| Radioactive pharmaceuticals | Sam Seidlin (USA, 1946) | Radioactive decay | Cancer, endocrine tumours, bone treatment |
| Medical imaging | David Kuhl, Roy Edwards (USA, 1950s) | Nuclear magnetic resonance (for MRI) Positron emission (for PET) | MRI: Musculosketal, cardiovascular, brain, cancer imaging PET: cancer, brain diseases imaging |
| Radiocarbon dating | Willard Libby (USA, 1949) | Radioactive decay of carbon-14 | Archaeology |
IMPORTANT NUCLEAR RESEARCH FACILITIES
Nuclear research facilities in the world| Facility | Location | Established | Famous for |
| Brookhaven National Lab | New York | 1947 | Until 2008 world’s largest heavy-ion collider |
| European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN) | Geneva | 1954 | World’s largest particle physics lab Birthplace of the World Wide Web Large Hadron Collider (LHC) |
| Fermilab | Chicago | 1967 | Tevatron – world’s second largest particle accelerator |
| ISIS | Oxfordshire (England) | 1985 | Neutron research |
| Joint Institute for Nuclear Research | Dubna, Russia | 1956 | Collaboration of 18 nations including former Soviet states, China, Cuba |
| Lawrence Berkeley National Lab | California | 1931 | Discovery of multiple elements including astatine, and plutonium |
| Lawrence Livermore National Lab | California | 1952 | |
| Los Alamos National Lab | New Mexico, USA | 1943 | The Manhattan Project |
| National Superconducting Cyclotron lab | Michigan | 1963 | Rare isotope research |
| Oak Ridge National Lab | Tennessee | 1943 | World’s fastest supercomputer – Jaguar |
| Sudbury Neutrino Lab | Ontario | 1999 | Located 2 km underground Studies solar neutrinos |
| TRIUMF (Tri University Meson Facility) | Vancouver | 1974 | World’s largest cyclotron |
| Yongbyon Nuclear Scientific Research Centre | Yongbyon, North Korea | 1980 | North Korea’s main nuclear facility |
| Sandia National Lab | New Mexico, USA | 1948 | Z Machine (largest X-ray generator in the world) |
| Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Oncology and Radiotherapy (INOR) | Abbottabad, NWFP (Pakistan) | ||
| Pakistan Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology (PINSTECH) | Islamabad | 1965 |
Nuclear research facilities in India
| Facility | Location | Established | Famous for |
| Bhabha Atomic Research Centre | Bombay | 1954 | India’s primary nuclear research centre India’s first reactor Apsara |
| Variable Energy Cyclotron Centre (VECC) | Calcutta | 1977 | First cyclotron in India |
| Institute for Plasma Research (IPR) | Gandhinagar | 1982 | Plasma physics |
| Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research (IGCAR) | Kalpakkam | 1971 | Fast breeder test reactor (FBTR) KAMINI (Kalapakkam Mini) light water reactor Built the reactor for Advanced Technology Vessel (ATV) |
| Saha Institute for Nuclear Physics | Calcutta | 1949 | |
| Tata Institute for Fundamental Research (TIFR) | Bombay | 1945 |
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