Showing posts with label APPSC TECHNICAL EXAM PAPERS. Show all posts
Showing posts with label APPSC TECHNICAL EXAM PAPERS. Show all posts
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APPSC TECHNICAL ASSISTANT IN MINING SERVICE
Metamorphic Petrology
1.Which of the following is/are characteristic of the process of metamorphism?
a) under normal conditions the bulk chemistry of the rock remains unchanged
b) there is no large-scale liquid at any given time
c) there is no order of crystallization
d) all of the above
2. The main type of chemical reaction involved in the process of metamorphism is
a) Solid à Solid +Vapour
b) Solid +Liquid à Solid +Gas
c) Liquid +Liquid à Solid
d) Liquid +Gas à Solid
3. The thermal or contact metamorphism is characterized by
a) High temperature, low pressure, low strain and variable fluid pressure
b) High temperature, high pressure, low strain and variable fluid pressure
c) High temperature. low pressure, variable strain and variable fluid pressure
d) High temperature, high pressure, high strain and high fluid pressure
4. Which of the following rocks have NOT resulted due to contact metamorphism 7
a) Spotted slates
b) Hornfelses
c) Skarns
d)Augen gneisses
5. Hornfelses generally possess
a) Porphyroblastic fabric
b) Granoblastic fabric
c) A combination of porphyroblastic and granoblastic fabric
d) Foliated fabric
6. Thermal metamorphism of dolomitic limestones with small siliceous impurity leads to the formation of
a) Forsterite marble
b) Brucite marble
c) Serpentine marble
d)Tremolite marble
7. Metamorphism involving substantial addition or removal of materials is generally termed as
a) Contact metamorphism
b) Autometamorphism
c) Metasomatism
d) Pneumatolysis
8. The metamorphism involving the combined effect of uniform pressure and heat is described as
a) Plutonic metamorphism
b) Dynamothermal metamorphism
c) Cataclastic metamorphism
d) Contact metamorphism
9. The development of tectonites is widespread in
a) Dynamothermal metamorphism
b) Plutonic metamorphism
c) Cataclastic metamorphism
d) Pyrometamorphism
10. Which of the following is matched correctly ?
a) Pyrometamorphism-----low temperatures
b) Contact metamorphism-----high temperatures
c) Kinetic metamorphism -----directed pressure predominant
d) Pneumatolysis -----changes due to solution action
11. Choose the correct statement from the following
a) Uniform pressure acts on both liquids and solids
b) Directed pressure causes a change in volume
c) Uniform pressure leads to a change of surface
d) All of the above are correct
12. When uniform or hydrostatic pressure acts on a body, its
a) Volume decreases
b) Specific gravity decreases
c) Volume decreases but specific gravity increases
d) Volume increases but specific gravity decreases
13. Which of the following effects takes place when a body is subjected to directed pressure ?
( i) Dilation
(ii) Distortion
(iii) Formation of unidimensional grains
(iv) Growth of the body in a direction perpendicular to the direction of stress
(v) Solubility of the minerals is decreased
a) (i), (iii), (iv) and (v) only
b) (i), (iii) and (iv) only
c) (ii), (iii), (iv) and (v) only
d) (ii), (iii) and (iv) only
14. Oriented mineral grains and foliated appearance of the rocks is a characteristic feature of the rocks belonging to
a) Epizone
b) Mesozone
c) Katazone
d) Epizone and Katazone
15. Which of the following rocks are completely unfoliated?
a) Slates
b) Schists
c) Phyllites
d) Hornfelses
16. Minerals whose fields of stability on a P-T diagram are extended on the introduction of a non-hydrostatic stress are described as
a) Stress minerals
b) Anti-Stress minerals
c) Elastic minerals
d) Plastic minerals
17. Stress minerals arc characterized by
(i) High packing index of crystal lattice
(ii) Low molar volume
(iii) High density
(iv) Equidimensional habit
a) (i) and (iii) only
b) (i) and (ii) only
c) (i). (ii) and (iii) only
d) (ii), (iii) and (iv) only
18. Which of the following is a stress mineral?
a) Andalusite
b) Sillimanite
c) Kyanite
d)Cordierite
19) Stress minerals are generally absent in
a) Epizone
b) Mesozone
c) Katazone
d) None of the above
20) Minerals which develop their crystal form in spite of the resistance of a solid medium are described as
a) Xenoblastic
b) Idioblastic
c) Crystalloblasti
d)Granoblastic
ANSWERS
1-d 2- a 3- a 4-d 5-c 6- a 7-c 8- a 9-a 10- c 11-a 12- c 13-d 14- b 15-d 16- a 17-c 18- c 19-c 20-b
SEDIMENTARY PETROLOGY
| 1. The smallest megascopic layer in a sedimentary sequence is a a) Bed b) Stratum c) Lamina d) All of the above |
| 2. To be classified as 'laminae', the thickness of each layer should be a) >1 cm b) <1>2cm d) <2cm |
| 3. A bedset consists of two or more superimposed beds that have identical a) Colour b) Composition c) Texture d) Internal structure e) Genesis |
| 4. Alternate deposition of fine and coarse-grained sediment gives rise to a) Torrential bedding b) Cross bedding c) Graded bedding d) Festoon bedding |
| 5. Flaser bedding is a) a ripple bedding in which mud streaks alternate with sand and silt surfaces b) a ripple bedding which shows well-preserved sand lenses embedded within the muddy layers c) a discordant bedding showing lateral gradation d) a concordant bedding showing progressive fining in the upward direction |
| 6. The most common mode of origin for cross-bedding is a) Migration of small and mega-ripples b) Deposition on the point bars of small meanders c) Deposition on the inclined surfaces of beaches d) Lee-side deposition of sand dunes |
| 7. The bundle-wise up building of foreset laminae in a single unit is characteristically seen in a) Longitudinal cross-bedding b) Channel-fill cross-bedding c) Wave-ripple bedding d) Climbing-ripple lamination |
| 8. Aeolian ripples are characterized by the presence of a) Coarser grains on the crests b) Finer grains on the crests c) Uniformly even grains on the crests and the troughs d) None of the above |
| 9. Ripples formed by water and wind differ in their a) Symmetry b) Scale c) Azimuth d) Ripple index |
| 10. Ripple index (R.I.) is 'the wavelength of the ripple divided by its amplitude if the R.I. is greater than 15 it may be presumed that the ripples are formed by the action of a) Water b) Wind c) Waves d) Currents d) Ripple index |
| 11. Horizontal or lateral gradation of material occurs if the deposition takes place in a) Stagnant water b) Running water c) Underground water d) Shore zone |
| 12. In the case of flaser bedding the conditions are more favourable for the deposition and preservation of a) Sand b) Mud c) Both sand and mud d) None of the above |
| 13. Textures in which the fragmental characteristics are NOT clearly visible are described as a) Epiclastic b) Clastic c) Non-clastic d) Pyroclastic |
| 14. The degree of roundness does NOT depend upon a) Size of the particles b) Hardness of the particles c) Specific gravity of the particles d) Degree of transportation |
| 15. Theoretically speaking sphericity and roundness of a grain are (i) Geometrically different and independent properties (ii) Geometrically similar and mutually dependent properties (iii) Related to the size of the clastic particles (iv) Unrelated to the size of the elastic particles a) (i) and (iii) are correct b) (i) and (iv) are correct c) (ii) and (iii) are correct d) (ii) and (iv) are correct |
| 16. In nature roundness varies between a) 0.01 to 0.05 b) 0.05 to 0.1 c) 0.1 to 0.9 d) 1.0 to infinity |
| 17. SORTING may be defined as a) A measure of the spread of grain-size distribution b) A qualitative parameter measuring the departure of a body from equidimensional character c) A measure of the sharpness of the edges and corners of a particle d) None of the above |
| 18. Residual deposits are a) Well sorted and rounded b) Unsorted and angular c) Ill sorted and sub-rounded d) Assorted and well-rounded |
| 19. Sorting of particles is best in a) Fluvial sediments b) Sand dunes c) Beach sediments d) Loess sediments |
| 20. Which of the following is a measure of the symmetry of the distribution of grains? a) Sphericity b) Roundness c) Kurtosis d) Skewness |
GEOLOGY QUESTIONS
1. The primitive crust of the earth was
(a) granitic (b) basaltic
(c) komatiitic (d) andesitic
2. The major source of heat in the primordial earth was
(a) decay of short-lived radioactive isotopes
(b) decay of long-lived radioactive isotopes
(c) impact of planetesimals
(d) all of the above
3. Bedforms with the crest trending roughly parallel to the net sediment transport
direction are called
(a) linear dune
(b) longitudinal dune
(c) seif dune
(d) parabolic dune
4. Transgression is cause by
(a) rise in eustatic sea level
(b) rise in relative sea level
(c) increased rate of subsidence
(d) decreased rate of sedimentation
5. Boudins are products of
(a) homogeneous deformation
(b) inhomogeneous, brittle deformation
(c) inhomogeneous, ductile deformation
(d) none of the above.
6. Temperature at the crust-mantle boundary is of the order of
(a) 600°C
(b) 900°C
(c) 1700°C
(d) 1300°C
7. Diphyodonty does not take place in
(a) incisors
(b) pre-molars
(c) molars
(d) canines
8. Epsilon cross-stratification is common in
(a) marine environment
(b) fluvial environment
(c) lacustrine environment
(d) aeolian environment
9. S- or Z-shaped inclusion trails in garnets indicate
(a) Syn-tectonic crystallization
(b) Pre-tectonic crystallization
(c) Post-tectonic crystallization
(d) None of the above
10. Under high P-T conditions Al is favoured in a SiO4 tetrahedra linkage in the
(a) 4 co-ordinated position
(b) 6 co-ordinated position
(c) 8 co-ordinated position
(d) 10 co-ordinated position
11. Barapasaurus tagorie, a Jurassic dinosaur, was recovered from
(a) Jabalpur Formation
(b) Ariyalur Formation
(c) Kota Formation
(d) Bhuj Formation
12. Paratype is formally designated when
(a) used in the description of the species
(b) a new specimen is used due to the destruction of the type specimen
(c) it is not the part of the original type material
(d) several type specimens are used
13. Foreland basins are associated with
(a) crustal extension
(b) strike slip faults
(c) thrust loading
(d) thermal contraction
14. Transform faults occur within
(a) continental lithosphere
(b) oceanic lithosphere
(c) both continental and oceanic lithosphere
(d) none of the above
15. An area in isostatic equilibrium would show
(a) no free air anomaly but may show Bouguer anomaly
(b) no free air and Bouguer anomaly
(c) free air anomaly but no Bouguer anomaly
(d) none of the above.
APPSC TECHNICAL ASSISTANT IN MINING SERVICE
APPSC TECHNICAL ASSISTANT IN MINING SERVICE EXAM Reference Books:
Optics and Mineralogy:
1. Rut ley’s Elements of Mineralogy – H H Read.
2. Optical Mineralogy – Paul Kerr.
3. Introduction to Rock Forming Minerals – Deer, Howie & Zussman.
Structural Geology:
1. Structural Geology - M.P.Billing
2. Fundamentals of Structural Geology- N.W. Gokhale.
Petrology (Igneous, Sedimentary, & Metamorphic):
1. Igneous Petrology - Mihir K. Bose.
2. Igneous petrology - Anthony Hall.
3. Igneous and metamorphic Petrology - Best M.G.
4. Igneous and Metamorphic Petrology - Turner and Verhoogen.
5. Metamorphic petrology - Turner.
6. Petrogenesis of Metamorphic Rocks - Winkler H.G.F.
7. Petrology of Metamorphic Rocks - Mason Roger.
8. Fundamentals of Sedimentary rocks - N W Gokhale.
9. Sedimentary Rocks - Pettijohn F.J.
10. Introduction to Sedimentology - Sengupta S.
11. Principles of Petrology - G.W. Tyrrell.
Optics and Mineralogy:
1. Rut ley’s Elements of Mineralogy – H H Read.
2. Optical Mineralogy – Paul Kerr.
3. Introduction to Rock Forming Minerals – Deer, Howie & Zussman.
Structural Geology:
1. Structural Geology - M.P.Billing
2. Fundamentals of Structural Geology- N.W. Gokhale.
Petrology (Igneous, Sedimentary, & Metamorphic):
1. Igneous Petrology - Mihir K. Bose.
2. Igneous petrology - Anthony Hall.
3. Igneous and metamorphic Petrology - Best M.G.
4. Igneous and Metamorphic Petrology - Turner and Verhoogen.
5. Metamorphic petrology - Turner.
6. Petrogenesis of Metamorphic Rocks - Winkler H.G.F.
7. Petrology of Metamorphic Rocks - Mason Roger.
8. Fundamentals of Sedimentary rocks - N W Gokhale.
9. Sedimentary Rocks - Pettijohn F.J.
10. Introduction to Sedimentology - Sengupta S.
11. Principles of Petrology - G.W. Tyrrell.
APPSC TECHNICAL ASSISTANT IN MINING SERVICE
Mineralogy objective questions
1. Which of the following best defines a mineral and a rock?
A) A rock has an orderly, repetitive, geometrical, internal arrangement of minerals; a mineral is a lithified or consolidated aggregate of rocks.
B) A mineral consists of its constituent atoms arranged in a geometrically repetitive structure; in a rock, the atoms are randomly bonded without any geometric pattern.
C) In a mineral the constituent atoms are bonded in a regular, repetitive, internal structure; a rock is a lithified or consolidated aggregate of different mineral grains.
D) A rock consists of atoms bonded in a regular, geometrically predictable arrangement; a mineral is a consolidated aggregate of different rock particles.
2. Which of the following is not a mineral?
A) olivine B) limestone C) calcite D) quartz
3. Which geologic concept is described by "the present is the key to the past"?
A) biblical prophesy B) uniformitarianism C) Aristotelian logic D) catastrophism
4. The average thickness of the continental crust is about
A) 35-40 km B) 100-200 km C) 1000-2000 km D) 5-10 km
5. In correct order from the center outward, Earth includes which layers?
A) core, inner mantle, outer mantle, crust B) inner core, outer core, mantle, crust
C) inner core, crust, mantle, hydrosphere D) core, crust, mantle, hydrosphere
6. The tectonic plates
A) are the outermost shell of the solid Earth. B) are a rigid, solid layer about 100 km thick
C) includes the crust and the uppermost mantle D) all of the above
7. At mid-ocean ridges, two plates are
A) moving towards each other. B) moving away from each other.
C) sliding along each other. D) stationary.
8. According to Plate Tectonics theory, most active volcanoes occur
A) on continents. B) in large tectonic plates.
C) along plate boundaries. D) randomly over continents.
9. What are the two most abundant elements in the Earth’s crust?
A) iron and magnesium B) oxygen and silicon
C) nitrogen and oxygen D) silicon and calcium
10. Atoms of the same element (oxygen, for example) have the same number of __________.
A) electrons in the nucleus B) protons in the nucleus
C) neutrons in the outer nuclear shell D) electrons in the valence bond level
11. In table salt (NaCl), sodium and chlorine atoms bond by
A) sharing the electrons in their outer shells.
B) transferring an electron in the outer shell of the sodium atom to the outer shell of the chlorine atom.
C) having valence electrons freely migrating among the ions of sodium and chlorine.
D) all above.
12. What mineral is the hardest known substance in nature?
A) graphite B) native gold C) diamond D) muscovite
13. Why is basalt finer grained than gabbro?
A) gabbro formed from quick cooling of magma.
B) basalt formed from quick cooling of magma.
C) basalt has a mafic composition.
D) gabbro has a mafic composition.
14. Visible quartz and potassium feldspar grains are the main constituents in a ____________.
A) granite B) gabbro C) basalt D) rhyolite
15. Which of the following minerals would crystallize early from a cooling silicate magma?
A) biotite B) quartz C) olivine D) muscovite
16. Magma generation in subduction zones are mainly caused by
A) releasing of water and volatiles from the subducting plate
B) pressure release in the subducting plate
C) temperature increase in the surrounding mantle
D) all above
17. Which of the following tend to increase the explosive potential of a magma body beneath a volcano.
A) High viscosity and dissolved gas
B) High viscosity; low dissolved gas content
C) Low silica content, low viscosity
D) Low viscosity; low dissolved gas content
18. Eruptions dominated by basaltic lava flows typically form what type of volcanoes?
A) composite B) stratospheric
C) cinder cone D) shield
19. Why do magmas rise toward Earth's surface?
A) Magmas are more viscous than solid rocks in the crust and upper mantle.
B) Most magmas are richer in silica than most crustal and upper mantle rocks.
C) Magmas, being melts and having gases, are less dense than the adjacent solid rock.
D) magmas have higher content of pyroxenes than the surrounding rocks.
20. Which of the following is NOT a process of physical (mechanical) weathering?
A) Frost wedging
B) unloading
C) thermal expansion
D) dissolution
21. Which of the following silicate minerals are most resistant to chemical weathering?
A) quartz B) olivine C) hornblende D) potassium feldspar
22. In the soil profile, the A horizon
A) is located below the O horizon B) is called the zone of leaching
C) is part of the “top soil” D) all above
23. What is probably the single most important, original, depositional feature in sedimentary rocks?
A) sizes of the sand grains
B) degree of lithification
C) bedding or stratification
D) compaction of the mud and clay
24. What is the main difference between a conglomerate and a sedimentary breccia?
A) Breccia clasts are angular; conglomerate clasts are rounded.
B) A breccia is well stratified; a conglomerate is poorly stratified.
C) Breccia clasts are the size of baseballs; conglomerate clasts are larger.
D) Breccia has a compacted, clay-rich matrix; conglomerate has no matrix.
25. Detrital sedimentary rocks are classified (named) based on the _________
A) colors of the cementing minerals
B) grain sizes of the detrital particles
C) compositions of soluble minerals
D) degree of compaction and lithification
26.
A) quartz; (SiO2) B) hematite (Fe2O3)
C) halite (NaCl) D) calcite (CaCO3)
27. Which of the following is the most common type of chemical sedimentary rock.
A) Limestone B) Chert
C) Phosphate rock D) Quartz sandstone
28. Which of following sedimentary rocks indicate long-distance transportation of the sediements?
A) quartz sandstone
B) breccia
C) arkose (sandstone with lots of feldspar particles)
D) none of above
29. Which of the following forms at the highest grade of regional metamorphism?
A) gneiss B) schist
C) slate D) phyllite
30. What major change occurs during metamorphism of limestone to marble?
A) calcite grains recrystallize to larger and interlocked grains.
B) clays crystallize to micas, forming a highly foliated, mica-rich rock
C) limestone grains react to form quartz and feldspars
D) calcite grains are dissolved away leaving only marble crystals
31. What type of foliation results from the parallel alignment of abundant, coarse-grained, mica flakes in a metamorphic rock?
A) schistosity B) gneissic banding
C) slaty cleavage D) phyllitic structure
32. Metamorphic rocks can form from
A) sedimentary rocks B) igneous rocks C) metamorphic rocks D) all above.
33. For undisturbed, horizontal strata of sedimentary rocks, their age
A) increases from top to bottom
B) decreases from top to bottom
C) can be determined from their color
D) is the same
34. What makes a good index fossil?
A) big and easy to see in the field
B) with a hard shell that can be easily preserved
C) spans over a long geological time period
D) widespread geographically and limited to a short span of geological time.
35. An igneous rock contains a radioactive isotope that has a half-life of 10 million years. Careful analysis shows that only one quarter of the original concentration of the parent isotope is left. How old is this igneous rock?
A) 5 million years old B) 20 million years old C) 40 million years old D) 2.5 million years old
36. Which of the geological era is the youngest in the geologic time scale?
A) Precambrian. B) Mesozoic. C) Paleozoic. D) Cenozoic.
37. Lateral offset in drainage lines is commonly associated with
A) normal faults. B) reverse faults.
C) thrust faults. D) strike-slip faults.
38. Ductile deformation become important when
A) the temperature is hign
B) the confining pressure is high
C) deformation happens slowly
D) all above
39. In an structural basin, the youngest strata is found
A) at the center of the basin
B) on the margins of the basin
C) half-way between the center and the margins of the basin
D) beneath the older strata.
40. Which statement best describes motion on a normal fault?
A) The hanging wall block moved downward relative to the footwall block.
B) The hanging wall block moved upward relative to the footwall block.
C) The hanging wall block moved horizontally relative to the footwall block.
D) Faults are simple breaks in the crust along which no movement has occurred.
APPSC TECHNICAL ASSISTANT IN MINING DEPARTMENT
APPSC TECHNICAL ASSISTANT GEOLOGY QUESTIONS
Describe the formation of igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks?
Are the fittest animals always the largest?
Can flint be found in Canada?
Continental heat flow is mostly produced by what?
Contrast the process that forms igneous rocks with the process that form metamorpic rocks?
Describe the formation of igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks?
Discuss major factors that influence mass movements?
Explain how the asthenosphere works?
Explain several factors for the crystallizing of magma within the earth to create the varities of igneious intrusive rocks
Formation
Formation of schist?
Granite,pumice,and scoria are igneous rocks. why doesn't granite have air holes like the other two?
How are fossils formed?
How can sedimentary processes con centrate and form resources? 2. give an example of a resource formed by a sedimentary process
How do geologists find out the age of mountains?
How do minerals become rocks, and rocks become soil?
How do we know magma does not originate in the liquid outer core?
How do we know that the inner core is solid and the outer core is liquid?
How do you approach a geological technical problem? Give an example
How do you calculate sea floor sinking?
How do you know whether something is bad for the environment or not?
How do you write procidures of mineral identification?
How evaporation is calcalulated from lakes?
How has the earth changed since it was formed?
How long are oceanic volcanos active and how does that tie in with the hot spot theory?
How many seismograph stations are needed to alocate the epicenter of an earthquake?
How old is the earth?
How were sedimentary rocks created?
How would an increase in rotational tilt angle change the locations of the Tropics of Cancer and Capicorn?
If there is global warming why is it so cold?
In 1763 how did great Britain try to end troubles with the native American
Is global warming and climate change true?
Is it irresponsible to have a pet due to emissions?
Radon detection in arid areas can help to explore what?
Rift areas, main stress faults and basin and range
Sahara desert
Soils take how many years to form?
Were there super continents before pangea?
What are examples of techno fossils?
What are the Black Smokers?
What are the four major minerals in canada?
What are the geological conditions for the formation of gas hydrates below the sea floor?
What are the igneous rocks of the ocean floor
What are the three major types of rocks?
What causes holes to go all the way through small pebbles and rocks?
What causes the eruption of pyroclasts and what type of lava are they associated with?
What causes the white band of color thru dark stone?
What does a Geologist do on a typical day?
What does regolith mean?
What is a hypothesis?
What is ablation?
What is china clay?
What is coal?
What is global warming?
What is granite?
What is happening when a metamorphic rock is forming?
What is loam soil?
What is shale?
What is the Cambrian?
What is the difference between a canyon, gorge & valley?
What is the difference between a semi-precious and a precious stone?
What is the difference between the geoid and the surface of the earth?
What is the earth made of?
What is the earth's core made of?
What is the earth's crust made of?
What is the general statement regarding the temperature of water in oceanic depths?
What is the mantle made of?
What is the minimum depth needed for a feature to be considered a canyon?
What is the name of the largest volcano in the world?
What is the rate of species and how does this relate to finding transitional species?
What is the reason in many times shale is source rock of hydrocarbons
What kind of organisms make up the fossils for fossilized algal jasper?
What layer of the earth does magma form?
What makes mountains appear purple?
What minerals attract lightning?
What seperates the outer core from the mantle above it?
What time period can carbon-14 date?
What ways can igneous rock form 2 ways?
When does an atoll start to form?
Where are Mountains of the Moon?
Where would you expect to find the oldest basalt on the floor of the Atlantic Ocean?
Which carbonate mineral reacts readily with cool dilute hydrochloric acid to produce visible bubbles of carbon dioxide gas?
Which is the largest reef?
Which kind of volcano is the most destructive?
Which of the Earth's interior layers have been drilled and sampled and what are the deepest drilling projects on record?
Which type of rock is critical for the formation of geysers?
Whiich planenet have 12 moons?
Why did the continents spread apart?
Why does a glacier move?
Why does marble rarely contain fossils?
Why some beaches are muddy and some are sandy.
Contrast the process that forms igneous rocks with the process that form metamorpic rocks?
Explain several factors for the crystallizing of magma within the earth to create the varities of igneious intrusive rocks
Granite,pumice,and scoria are igneous rocks. why doesn't granite have air holes like the other two?
What ways can igneous rock form 2 ways?
How do minerals become rocks, and rocks become soil?
How do you write procidures of mineral identification?
What minerals attract lightning?
Which carbonate mineral reacts readily with cool dilute hydrochloric acid to produce visible bubbles of carbon dioxide gas?
Are the fittest animals always the largest?
Continental heat flow is mostly produced by what?
How do you approach a geological technical problem? Give an example
In 1763 how did great Britain try to end troubles with the native American
What does a Geologist do on a typical day?
What does regolith mean?
What is a hypothesis?
What is ablation?
What is the rate of species and how does this relate to finding transitional species?
Where are Mountains of the Moon?
Why does a glacier move?
Describe the formation of igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks?
Can flint be found in Canada?
Describe the formation of igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks?
Formation of schist?
How are fossils formed?
How do we know magma does not originate in the liquid outer core?
What are examples of techno fossils?
What are the three major types of rocks?
What causes holes to go all the way through small pebbles and rocks?
What is china clay?
What is coal?
What is granite?
What is shale?
What is the mantle made of?
What is the reason in many times shale is source rock of hydrocarbons
What kind of organisms make up the fossils for fossilized algal jasper?
What time period can carbon-14 date?
When does an atoll start to form?
Which type of rock is critical for the formation of geysers?
Discuss major factors that influence mass movements?
Formation
How do geologists find out the age of mountains?
How do we know that the inner core is solid and the outer core is liquid?
How evaporation is calcalulated from lakes?
How has the earth changed since it was formed?
How long are oceanic volcanos active and how does that tie in with the hot spot theory?
How many seismograph stations are needed to alocate the epicenter of an earthquake?
How old is the earth?
Radon detection in arid areas can help to explore what?
Were there super continents before pangea?
What are the Black Smokers?
What is the Cambrian?
What is the difference between a canyon, gorge & valley?
What is the difference between the geoid and the surface of the earth?
What is the earth made of?
What is the earth's core made of?
What is the earth's crust made of?
What is the general statement regarding the temperature of water in oceanic depths?
What is the minimum depth needed for a feature to be considered a canyon?
What is the name of the largest volcano in the world?
What layer of the earth does magma form?
What makes mountains appear purple?
What seperates the outer core from the mantle above it?
Where would you expect to find the oldest basalt on the floor of the Atlantic Ocean?
Which is the largest reef?
Which kind of volcano is the most destructive?
Which of the Earth's interior layers have been drilled and sampled and what are the deepest drilling projects on record?
Why did the continents spread apart?
Describe the formation of igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks?
Are the fittest animals always the largest?
Can flint be found in Canada?
Continental heat flow is mostly produced by what?
Contrast the process that forms igneous rocks with the process that form metamorpic rocks?
Describe the formation of igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks?
Discuss major factors that influence mass movements?
Explain how the asthenosphere works?
Explain several factors for the crystallizing of magma within the earth to create the varities of igneious intrusive rocks
Formation
Formation of schist?
Granite,pumice,and scoria are igneous rocks. why doesn't granite have air holes like the other two?
How are fossils formed?
How can sedimentary processes con centrate and form resources? 2. give an example of a resource formed by a sedimentary process
How do geologists find out the age of mountains?
How do minerals become rocks, and rocks become soil?
How do we know magma does not originate in the liquid outer core?
How do we know that the inner core is solid and the outer core is liquid?
How do you approach a geological technical problem? Give an example
How do you calculate sea floor sinking?
How do you know whether something is bad for the environment or not?
How do you write procidures of mineral identification?
How evaporation is calcalulated from lakes?
How has the earth changed since it was formed?
How long are oceanic volcanos active and how does that tie in with the hot spot theory?
How many seismograph stations are needed to alocate the epicenter of an earthquake?
How old is the earth?
How were sedimentary rocks created?
How would an increase in rotational tilt angle change the locations of the Tropics of Cancer and Capicorn?
If there is global warming why is it so cold?
In 1763 how did great Britain try to end troubles with the native American
Is global warming and climate change true?
Is it irresponsible to have a pet due to emissions?
Radon detection in arid areas can help to explore what?
Rift areas, main stress faults and basin and range
Sahara desert
Soils take how many years to form?
Were there super continents before pangea?
What are examples of techno fossils?
What are the Black Smokers?
What are the four major minerals in canada?
What are the geological conditions for the formation of gas hydrates below the sea floor?
What are the igneous rocks of the ocean floor
What are the three major types of rocks?
What causes holes to go all the way through small pebbles and rocks?
What causes the eruption of pyroclasts and what type of lava are they associated with?
What causes the white band of color thru dark stone?
What does a Geologist do on a typical day?
What does regolith mean?
What is a hypothesis?
What is ablation?
What is china clay?
What is coal?
What is global warming?
What is granite?
What is happening when a metamorphic rock is forming?
What is loam soil?
What is shale?
What is the Cambrian?
What is the difference between a canyon, gorge & valley?
What is the difference between a semi-precious and a precious stone?
What is the difference between the geoid and the surface of the earth?
What is the earth made of?
What is the earth's core made of?
What is the earth's crust made of?
What is the general statement regarding the temperature of water in oceanic depths?
What is the mantle made of?
What is the minimum depth needed for a feature to be considered a canyon?
What is the name of the largest volcano in the world?
What is the rate of species and how does this relate to finding transitional species?
What is the reason in many times shale is source rock of hydrocarbons
What kind of organisms make up the fossils for fossilized algal jasper?
What layer of the earth does magma form?
What makes mountains appear purple?
What minerals attract lightning?
What seperates the outer core from the mantle above it?
What time period can carbon-14 date?
What ways can igneous rock form 2 ways?
When does an atoll start to form?
Where are Mountains of the Moon?
Where would you expect to find the oldest basalt on the floor of the Atlantic Ocean?
Which carbonate mineral reacts readily with cool dilute hydrochloric acid to produce visible bubbles of carbon dioxide gas?
Which is the largest reef?
Which kind of volcano is the most destructive?
Which of the Earth's interior layers have been drilled and sampled and what are the deepest drilling projects on record?
Which type of rock is critical for the formation of geysers?
Whiich planenet have 12 moons?
Why did the continents spread apart?
Why does a glacier move?
Why does marble rarely contain fossils?
Why some beaches are muddy and some are sandy.
Contrast the process that forms igneous rocks with the process that form metamorpic rocks?
Explain several factors for the crystallizing of magma within the earth to create the varities of igneious intrusive rocks
Granite,pumice,and scoria are igneous rocks. why doesn't granite have air holes like the other two?
What ways can igneous rock form 2 ways?
How do minerals become rocks, and rocks become soil?
How do you write procidures of mineral identification?
What minerals attract lightning?
Which carbonate mineral reacts readily with cool dilute hydrochloric acid to produce visible bubbles of carbon dioxide gas?
Are the fittest animals always the largest?
Continental heat flow is mostly produced by what?
How do you approach a geological technical problem? Give an example
In 1763 how did great Britain try to end troubles with the native American
What does a Geologist do on a typical day?
What does regolith mean?
What is a hypothesis?
What is ablation?
What is the rate of species and how does this relate to finding transitional species?
Where are Mountains of the Moon?
Why does a glacier move?
Describe the formation of igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks?
Can flint be found in Canada?
Describe the formation of igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks?
Formation of schist?
How are fossils formed?
How do we know magma does not originate in the liquid outer core?
What are examples of techno fossils?
What are the three major types of rocks?
What causes holes to go all the way through small pebbles and rocks?
What is china clay?
What is coal?
What is granite?
What is shale?
What is the mantle made of?
What is the reason in many times shale is source rock of hydrocarbons
What kind of organisms make up the fossils for fossilized algal jasper?
What time period can carbon-14 date?
When does an atoll start to form?
Which type of rock is critical for the formation of geysers?
Discuss major factors that influence mass movements?
Formation
How do geologists find out the age of mountains?
How do we know that the inner core is solid and the outer core is liquid?
How evaporation is calcalulated from lakes?
How has the earth changed since it was formed?
How long are oceanic volcanos active and how does that tie in with the hot spot theory?
How many seismograph stations are needed to alocate the epicenter of an earthquake?
How old is the earth?
Radon detection in arid areas can help to explore what?
Were there super continents before pangea?
What are the Black Smokers?
What is the Cambrian?
What is the difference between a canyon, gorge & valley?
What is the difference between the geoid and the surface of the earth?
What is the earth made of?
What is the earth's core made of?
What is the earth's crust made of?
What is the general statement regarding the temperature of water in oceanic depths?
What is the minimum depth needed for a feature to be considered a canyon?
What is the name of the largest volcano in the world?
What layer of the earth does magma form?
What makes mountains appear purple?
What seperates the outer core from the mantle above it?
Where would you expect to find the oldest basalt on the floor of the Atlantic Ocean?
Which is the largest reef?
Which kind of volcano is the most destructive?
Which of the Earth's interior layers have been drilled and sampled and what are the deepest drilling projects on record?
Why did the continents spread apart?
APPSC TECHNICAL ASSISTANT IN MINING DEPARTMENT
Multiple Choice Questions Introduction to Geology
Introduction to the Earth
1. Which of the following statements regarding the scientific methods is true?
A hypothesis must be agreed upon by more than one scientist
A theory is a hypothesis that has withstood many scientific tests
A theory is proven to be true, and therefore may not be discarded
A hypothesis cannot predict the outcome of scientific experiments
2. According to the principle of uniformatarianism,
geologic processes we observe today have operated in the past
geologic process in the past operated at the same rate as they do today
all of the planets formed from a uniform solar nebula
early Earth was covered by a uniform magma ocean
3. Approximately how long ago did the Big Bang take place?
10-15 thousand years ago
10-15 million years ago
100-150 million years ago
10-15 billion years ago
4. Under intense pressure and high temperature, hydrogen atoms combine to form helium. This process is called:
nuclear fusion
nuclear fission
metamorphism
convection
5. What are the two most abundant elements in nebula (gas clouds) in the universe?
nitrogen and oxygen
oxygen and silicon
hydrogen and helium
iron and nickel
6. The process by which an originally homogeneous Earth developed a dense core and a light crust is called:
metamorphism
differentiation
accretion
compression
7. The heat that caused melting in the Earth's early history was supplied from which of the following events or causes?
volcanic activity and radioactivity
solar heating and volcanic activity
a large impact event and radioactivity
a large impact event and solar heating
8. How thick is the crust of the Earth?
about 4 miles
about 4 km
about 40 km
about 400 km
9. The layer that separates crust from core is the?
magma layer
lithosphere
mantle
continent
10. What drives the Earth's internal heat engine?
radioactivity
solar energy
volcanoes
ocean tides
11. In general, igneous rocks:
form at relatively high temperatures
form by crystallization of solids from a liquid
form at high and low pressures
all of the above
12. Minerals:
can form by life-processes -- organic
are crystalline solids
have a unique chemical composition
can be any state (solid, liquid, or gas) as long as that state occurs naturally
13. Metamorphic rocks are changed rocks. Which of the following rock types could be the "parent" of a metamorphic rock?
sedimentary
igneous
metamorphic
all of the above
14. _______involves transfer of heat by the physical movement of the material:
conduction
convection
metamorphism
radiation
15. __________is called the "father" of geology.
John Butler
Art Smith
James Hutton
Alfred Wegner
16. New seafloor is created at a ____________?
deep-sea trench
mid-ocean ridge
subduction zone
transform fault
17. The descent of oceanic lithosphere into the mantle is the process of _______?
accretion
subduction
divergence zone
contraction fault
18. Which of the following features is not associated with a convergent plate boundary?
a mid-ocean ridge
earthquakes
a deep-sea trench zone
volcanic activity
19. The greatest threat to our environment is ___________?
volcanoes
earthquakes
humans
bacteria
20. Earth materials always trace the complete rock cycle from sediment through igneous rocks.
True
False
21. The terms crust and lithosphere are synonymous.
True
False
22. The terms mantle and asthenosphere are synonymous.
True
False
23. Because we rarely witness dramatic changes in the Earth, we can conclude that the Earth is not changing very much.
True
False
24. The motions of the three types of plate boundaries would be described as divergent, convergent, and static.
True
False
25. The crust of the Earth is static and stable.
True
False
26. Features useful in defining plate boundaries include all except:
shorelines between continents and oceans
distribution of volcanoes
distribution of earthquakes
distribution of mountain ranges
all are correct
27. The age of the Earth is currently thought to be
about 6,000 years old
about 6 billion years old
about 4,500,000 years old
about 4,500,000,000 years old
none of the above
28. The contribution made to geology by James Hutton was:
the recognition that processes still active today could produce almost any known rock type.
the description of plausible processes for converting one rock type to another.
a change in outlook on Earth processes from a catastrophic to a uniformitarian one.
all of the above
none of the above
29. One of geology's greatest contributions to human thought is:
the realization that the world is round
the realization that the sun not the Earth is the center of the solar system
the recognition of the long span of time involved in Earth history
the recognition that the Earth is the center of the solar system
30. Evidence of uniformitarian change includes:
glacial deposits in areas where no glaciers are presently found.
fossils of marine animals found at high elevation
continents covered by sediments deposited in an ocean
wide canyons cut by small streams
all of the above
none of the above
31. Living organisms have been on Earth for ______ of Earth's history?
less than 1%
about 20%
about 50%
about 80%
32. Humans have been on Earth for _________ of Earth;s history?
less than 1%
about 20%
about 50%
about 80%
33. What caused dust and condensing material to accrete into planetesimals?
heating of gases
gravitational attraction and collisions
nuclear fusion
rotation of the proto-sun
34. Which of the following is not one of the four inner planets?
Mars
Earth
Neptune
Mars
35. The outer planets are composed mostly of ?
rocks and ice
oxygen and nitrogen
hydrogen and helium
helium and krypton
36. The moon is ?
older than the sun
older than most meteorites
older than the Earth
none of these
37. The name of the layer of the Earth that separates the crust from the core is the ___?
magma
lithosphere
asthenosphere
mantle
38. What powers the Earth's internal heat engine?
radioactivity
solar energy
volcanoes
ocean tides
39. The Earth's external heat engine is not responsible for which of the following:
climate
erosion
tides
winds
40. Oxygen built up in the Earth's atmosphere because:
the oceans separated from the crust
rocks weathered and released their oxygen
algae and other organisms employed photosynthesis
oxygen settled on Earth from planets further from the sun
41. Which of the planets is not geologically active?
Mars
Mercury
Venus
Earth
42. When did geologists develop the theory of plate tectonics
in the mid 1800s
in the early 1900s
in the 1950s
in the 1960s
43. The lithosphere is approximately ______ kilometers thick.
1-2
5-10
50-100
100-200
44. The asthenosphere is _________.
cool and strong
cool and weak
hot and strong
hot and weak
45. The Earth's lithosphere is broken into approximately ______ large, rigid plates.
2
12
50
100
46. A __________ plate boundary is illustrated in the figure show above.
transform fault
divergent
convergent - subduction
convergent - continent/continent collision
47. Which of the following statements about convection is true?
heat is transferred from hot material to cool material without inducing a flow.
cool material flows upward and displaces hot material
hot material flows upward and displaces cool material
random circulation occurs
48. Approximately how fast does an Earth lithospheric plate move?
several centimeters per year
several centimeters per day
several centimeters per hour
several centimeters per second
49. Which of the following is not a type of plate boundary?
convergent
divergent
transform fault
all of these are plate boundaries
50. New seafloor is created at a ________.
deep sea trench
mid-ocean ridge
subduction zone
transform fault
51. The descent of oceanic lithosphere into the mantle is the process of ______.
subduction
accretion
divergence
contraction
52. Approximately how deep (below sea level) are deep-sea trenches?
1 km
10 km
100 km
1000 km
53. Which of the following features is not associated with a transform plate boundary?
a mid-ocean ridge
earthquakes
a deep sea-trench
volcanic activity
54. Volcanism is associated with which of the following types of plate boundaries?
convergent plate boundaries
divergent plate boundaries
transform fault plate boundaries
divergent and convergent plate boundaries
55. The Andes Mountains of South America are a result of which type of plate boundary?
convergent
divergent
transform
they are not related to a plate boundary
56. Mount St. Helen's. a part of the Cascade Range of volcanoes, result from the subduction of which plate?
Pacific
Cocos
Juan de Fuca
North American
57. What is the name of the large supercontinent that existed 200 million years ago when all of the continents were together?
San Andreas
Andian
Indian
Pangaea
58. Why is our vulnerability to natural disasters growing?
because the frequency of volcanic eruptions is increasing
because the human population is increasing
because the number of earthquakes each year is increasing
because the number of floods each year is increasing
59. The theory of plate tectonics was not initially widely accepted because ______..
land bridges would have blocked plate movement
rocks of the Earth's crust were considered too stiff for continents to move through them
fossils on South America and Africa did not match
ocean floor mapping showed that older rocks occur away from mid-ocean ridges
60. Referring to the diagram above, path A is _______
cooling and crystallization
burial and lithification
weathering and deposition
cooling and uplift
61. Referring to the diagram above, path B is _______
uplift, weathering and erosion, deposition
deposition, heat and pressure, weathering
melting, crystallization, heat and pressure
deposition, lithification and crystallization
62. Referring to the diagram what factor(s) are responsible for path C?
melting
crystallization
heat and pressure
burial and lithification
Introduction to the Earth
1. Which of the following statements regarding the scientific methods is true?
A hypothesis must be agreed upon by more than one scientist
A theory is a hypothesis that has withstood many scientific tests
A theory is proven to be true, and therefore may not be discarded
A hypothesis cannot predict the outcome of scientific experiments
2. According to the principle of uniformatarianism,
geologic processes we observe today have operated in the past
geologic process in the past operated at the same rate as they do today
all of the planets formed from a uniform solar nebula
early Earth was covered by a uniform magma ocean
3. Approximately how long ago did the Big Bang take place?
10-15 thousand years ago
10-15 million years ago
100-150 million years ago
10-15 billion years ago
4. Under intense pressure and high temperature, hydrogen atoms combine to form helium. This process is called:
nuclear fusion
nuclear fission
metamorphism
convection
5. What are the two most abundant elements in nebula (gas clouds) in the universe?
nitrogen and oxygen
oxygen and silicon
hydrogen and helium
iron and nickel
6. The process by which an originally homogeneous Earth developed a dense core and a light crust is called:
metamorphism
differentiation
accretion
compression
7. The heat that caused melting in the Earth's early history was supplied from which of the following events or causes?
volcanic activity and radioactivity
solar heating and volcanic activity
a large impact event and radioactivity
a large impact event and solar heating
8. How thick is the crust of the Earth?
about 4 miles
about 4 km
about 40 km
about 400 km
9. The layer that separates crust from core is the?
magma layer
lithosphere
mantle
continent
10. What drives the Earth's internal heat engine?
radioactivity
solar energy
volcanoes
ocean tides
11. In general, igneous rocks:
form at relatively high temperatures
form by crystallization of solids from a liquid
form at high and low pressures
all of the above
12. Minerals:
can form by life-processes -- organic
are crystalline solids
have a unique chemical composition
can be any state (solid, liquid, or gas) as long as that state occurs naturally
13. Metamorphic rocks are changed rocks. Which of the following rock types could be the "parent" of a metamorphic rock?
sedimentary
igneous
metamorphic
all of the above
14. _______involves transfer of heat by the physical movement of the material:
conduction
convection
metamorphism
radiation
15. __________is called the "father" of geology.
John Butler
Art Smith
James Hutton
Alfred Wegner
16. New seafloor is created at a ____________?
deep-sea trench
mid-ocean ridge
subduction zone
transform fault
17. The descent of oceanic lithosphere into the mantle is the process of _______?
accretion
subduction
divergence zone
contraction fault
18. Which of the following features is not associated with a convergent plate boundary?
a mid-ocean ridge
earthquakes
a deep-sea trench zone
volcanic activity
19. The greatest threat to our environment is ___________?
volcanoes
earthquakes
humans
bacteria
20. Earth materials always trace the complete rock cycle from sediment through igneous rocks.
True
False
21. The terms crust and lithosphere are synonymous.
True
False
22. The terms mantle and asthenosphere are synonymous.
True
False
23. Because we rarely witness dramatic changes in the Earth, we can conclude that the Earth is not changing very much.
True
False
24. The motions of the three types of plate boundaries would be described as divergent, convergent, and static.
True
False
25. The crust of the Earth is static and stable.
True
False
26. Features useful in defining plate boundaries include all except:
shorelines between continents and oceans
distribution of volcanoes
distribution of earthquakes
distribution of mountain ranges
all are correct
27. The age of the Earth is currently thought to be
about 6,000 years old
about 6 billion years old
about 4,500,000 years old
about 4,500,000,000 years old
none of the above
28. The contribution made to geology by James Hutton was:
the recognition that processes still active today could produce almost any known rock type.
the description of plausible processes for converting one rock type to another.
a change in outlook on Earth processes from a catastrophic to a uniformitarian one.
all of the above
none of the above
29. One of geology's greatest contributions to human thought is:
the realization that the world is round
the realization that the sun not the Earth is the center of the solar system
the recognition of the long span of time involved in Earth history
the recognition that the Earth is the center of the solar system
30. Evidence of uniformitarian change includes:
glacial deposits in areas where no glaciers are presently found.
fossils of marine animals found at high elevation
continents covered by sediments deposited in an ocean
wide canyons cut by small streams
all of the above
none of the above
31. Living organisms have been on Earth for ______ of Earth's history?
less than 1%
about 20%
about 50%
about 80%
32. Humans have been on Earth for _________ of Earth;s history?
less than 1%
about 20%
about 50%
about 80%
33. What caused dust and condensing material to accrete into planetesimals?
heating of gases
gravitational attraction and collisions
nuclear fusion
rotation of the proto-sun
34. Which of the following is not one of the four inner planets?
Mars
Earth
Neptune
Mars
35. The outer planets are composed mostly of ?
rocks and ice
oxygen and nitrogen
hydrogen and helium
helium and krypton
36. The moon is ?
older than the sun
older than most meteorites
older than the Earth
none of these
37. The name of the layer of the Earth that separates the crust from the core is the ___?
magma
lithosphere
asthenosphere
mantle
38. What powers the Earth's internal heat engine?
radioactivity
solar energy
volcanoes
ocean tides
39. The Earth's external heat engine is not responsible for which of the following:
climate
erosion
tides
winds
40. Oxygen built up in the Earth's atmosphere because:
the oceans separated from the crust
rocks weathered and released their oxygen
algae and other organisms employed photosynthesis
oxygen settled on Earth from planets further from the sun
41. Which of the planets is not geologically active?
Mars
Mercury
Venus
Earth
42. When did geologists develop the theory of plate tectonics
in the mid 1800s
in the early 1900s
in the 1950s
in the 1960s
43. The lithosphere is approximately ______ kilometers thick.
1-2
5-10
50-100
100-200
44. The asthenosphere is _________.
cool and strong
cool and weak
hot and strong
hot and weak
45. The Earth's lithosphere is broken into approximately ______ large, rigid plates.
2
12
50
100
46. A __________ plate boundary is illustrated in the figure show above.
transform fault
divergent
convergent - subduction
convergent - continent/continent collision
47. Which of the following statements about convection is true?
heat is transferred from hot material to cool material without inducing a flow.
cool material flows upward and displaces hot material
hot material flows upward and displaces cool material
random circulation occurs
48. Approximately how fast does an Earth lithospheric plate move?
several centimeters per year
several centimeters per day
several centimeters per hour
several centimeters per second
49. Which of the following is not a type of plate boundary?
convergent
divergent
transform fault
all of these are plate boundaries
50. New seafloor is created at a ________.
deep sea trench
mid-ocean ridge
subduction zone
transform fault
51. The descent of oceanic lithosphere into the mantle is the process of ______.
subduction
accretion
divergence
contraction
52. Approximately how deep (below sea level) are deep-sea trenches?
1 km
10 km
100 km
1000 km
53. Which of the following features is not associated with a transform plate boundary?
a mid-ocean ridge
earthquakes
a deep sea-trench
volcanic activity
54. Volcanism is associated with which of the following types of plate boundaries?
convergent plate boundaries
divergent plate boundaries
transform fault plate boundaries
divergent and convergent plate boundaries
55. The Andes Mountains of South America are a result of which type of plate boundary?
convergent
divergent
transform
they are not related to a plate boundary
56. Mount St. Helen's. a part of the Cascade Range of volcanoes, result from the subduction of which plate?
Pacific
Cocos
Juan de Fuca
North American
57. What is the name of the large supercontinent that existed 200 million years ago when all of the continents were together?
San Andreas
Andian
Indian
Pangaea
58. Why is our vulnerability to natural disasters growing?
because the frequency of volcanic eruptions is increasing
because the human population is increasing
because the number of earthquakes each year is increasing
because the number of floods each year is increasing
59. The theory of plate tectonics was not initially widely accepted because ______..
land bridges would have blocked plate movement
rocks of the Earth's crust were considered too stiff for continents to move through them
fossils on South America and Africa did not match
ocean floor mapping showed that older rocks occur away from mid-ocean ridges
60. Referring to the diagram above, path A is _______
cooling and crystallization
burial and lithification
weathering and deposition
cooling and uplift
61. Referring to the diagram above, path B is _______
uplift, weathering and erosion, deposition
deposition, heat and pressure, weathering
melting, crystallization, heat and pressure
deposition, lithification and crystallization
62. Referring to the diagram what factor(s) are responsible for path C?
melting
crystallization
heat and pressure
burial and lithification
Friday, February 12, 2010
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