Disaster Profile
The Indian subcontinent is among the world's most disaster prone areas.
Almost 85%
of India’s
area is vulnerable to one or multiple hazard. Of the 28 states and 7
union
territories, 22 are disaster-prone. It is vulnerable to wind storms
spawned
in the Bay
of Bengal and the Arabian Sea, earthquakes caused by active crustal
movement
in the
Himalayan mountains, floods brought by monsoons, and droughts in the
country's
arid and
semi-arid areas. Almost 57% of the land is vulnerable to earthquake
(high
seismic
zones III–V), 68% to drought, 8% to cyclones and 12% to floods. India
has
also become
much more vulnerable to tsunamis since the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami.
Earthquakes:
Of the
earthquake-prone areas, 12% is prone to very severe earthquakes,18% to
severe
earthquakes
and 25% to damageable earthquakes. The biggest quakes occur in the
Andaman
and Nicobar
Islands, Kutch, Himachal and the North-East. The Himalayan regions are
particularly
prone to earthquakes.. The last two major earthquakes shook Gujarat
in January
2001 and Jammu and Kashmir in October 2005. Many smaller-scale quakes
occurred in
other parts of India in 2006. All 7 North East states of India - Assam,
Arunachal
Pradesh, Nagaland, Manipur, Mizoram, Tripura and Megalaya; Andaman &
Nicobar
Islands; and
parts of 6 other states in the North/North-West (Jammu and Kashmir,
Uttaranchal,
Bihar) and West (Gujarat), are in Seismic Zone V.
Floods:
About 30
million people are affected annually. Floods in the
Indo–Gangetic–Brahmaputra
plains are
an annual feature. On an average, a few hundred lives are lost, millions
are rendered
homeless and several hectares of crops are damaged every year. Nearly
75% of the
total rainfall occurs over a short monsoon season (June – September).
40 million
hectares, or 12% of Indian land, is considered prone to floods. Floods
are a
perennial phenomenon in at least 5 states - Assam, Bihar, Orissa , Uttar
Pradesh
and West
Bengal. On account of
climate change,
floods have also occurred in recent
years in
areas that are normally not flood prone. In 2006, drought prone parts of
Rajasthan
experienced floods.
About 50
million people are affected annually by drought. Of approximately 90
million hectares of rain-fed areas, about 40 million hectares are prone
to scanty or no rain. Rainfall is poor in nine meteorological
subdivisions out of 36 subdivision (each meteorological sub division
covers a geographic area of more than ten revenue districts in India).
In India annually 33% area receive rainfall less than 750 mm (low
rainfall area) and 35 % area receive between 750 to 1125 mm rainfall
Medium rainfall) and only 32percent falls in the high rainfall (>1126
mm) zone.
Cyclones:
About 8%
of the land is vulnerable to cyclones of which coastal areas experience
two or
three tropical cyclones of varying intensity each year. Cyclonic
activities
on the
east coast are more severe than on the west coast. The Indian continent
is
considered to be the worst cyclone-affected part of the world, as a
result of low-depth
ocean bed topography and
coastal configuration. The principal threat from a cyclone are in the form of gales and strong winds; torrential rain and
high tidal waves/storm surges.
Most casualties are caused due to
coastal inundation by
tidal waves and storm surges.
Cyclones typically
strike
the East Coast of India, along the Bay of Bengal, ie. the states of West
Bengal, Orissa,
Andhra
Pradesh and Tamil Nadu, but also parts of Maharashtra and Gujarat at the
Arabian Sea West Coast.
Landslides:
Landslides occur in the hilly regions such as the Himalayas, North-East
India, the
Nilgiris, and Eastern and Western Ghats. Landslides in India are another
recurrent
phenomenon. Landslide-prone areas largely correspond to earthquake-prone
areas,
i.e.
North-west and North-East, where the incidence of landslides is the
highest.
Droughts:
Drought
is another recurrent phenomenon which results in widespread adverse
impact
on
vulnerable people’s livelihoods and young children’s nutrition status.
It typically
strikes
arid areas of Rajasthan (chronically) and Gujarat states. Drought is not
uncommon
in certain districts of Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Orissa, Andhra
Pradesh,
etc.
Although a slow onset emergency, and to an extent predictable emergency,
drought
has
caused severe suffering in the affected areas in recent years, including
effects
on
poverty, hunger, and unemployment.
Cold waves:
Cold waves are recurrent phenomenon in
North India.
Hundreds if not thousands of
people
die of cold and related diseases every year, most of them from poor
urban
areas in
northern parts of the country.
According to India’s
Tenth Five Year Plan,
natural disasters have affected nearly
6% of the
population and 24% of deaths in Asia caused by disasters have occurred
in India.
Between 1996 and 2001, 2% of
national GDP
was lost because of natural
disasters,
and nearly 12% of Government revenue was spent on relief, rehabilitation
and
reconstruction during the same period. As per a World Bank study in
2003, natural
disasters
pose a major impediment on the path of economic development in India
Hazard Profile
India, due
to its, physio-graphic and climatic conditions is one of the most
disaster prone areas
of the
world. It is vulnerable to windstorms from both the
Arabian Sea and
Bay of Bengal.
There
are active
crustal movements in the Himalaya leading to earthquakes. About 58.7 %
of the toatal
land mass
is prone to earthquake of moderate to very high intensity. The region
was hit by
Uttarkashi Earthquake (1991),
Killari Earthquake (1993),
Koyana Earthquake (1997),
Chamoli
Earthquake (1999), and
Bhuj earthquake (2001),
Jammu & Kashmir Earthquake (2005).
The Himalayas
being a
fairly young mountain range is undergoing constant geological changes
resulting in
landslides. Floods brought about by heavy rain and drought in arid and
semi arid areas. About
12 % of
the o f the total land mass is flood prone and 68 % of the arable land
is vulnerable
to
drought. The Western region of the country is represented by the Thar
Desert and the central
India by
the Deccan Plateau face recurring droughts due to acute shortage of
rainfall.
India has
increasingly become vulnerable to
Tsunamis
since the 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami.
India has a
coastline running 7600 km long; as a result is repeatedly threatened by
cyclones.
The table below shows major disasters in the known history of India:
| SR. NO. |
Name of Event |
Year |
Fatalities |
| 1.
|
Maharashtra Earthquake
|
1618
|
2,000
|
| 2.
|
Bengal Earthquake
|
1737
|
300,000
|
| 3.
|
Bengal Cyclone
|
1864
|
60,000
|
| 4.
|
The Great Famine of Southern India
|
1876-1878
|
5.5 million
|
| 5.
|
Maharashtra Cyclone
|
1882
|
100,000
|
| 6.
|
The Great Indian famine
|
1896-1897
|
1.25 million to 10 million
|
| 7.
|
Kangra earthquake
|
1905
|
20,000
|
| 8.
|
Bihar Earthquake
|
1934
|
6,000
|
| 9.
|
Bengal Cyclone
|
1970
|
500,000 (include Pakistan and Bangladesh also)
|
| 10.
|
Drought
|
1972
|
200 million people affected
|
| 11.
|
Andhra Pradesh Cyclone
|
1977
|
10,000
|
| 12.
|
Drought in Haryana & Punjab
|
1987
|
300 million people affected
|
| 13.
|
Latur Earthquake
|
1993
|
7,928 death and 30,000 injured
|
| 14.
|
Orissa Super Cyclone
|
1999
|
10,000
|
| 15.
|
Gujarat Earthquake
|
2001
|
25,000
|
| 16.
|
Indian Ocean Tsunami
|
2004
|
10,749 deaths 5,640 persons missing
|
| 17.
|
Kashmir Earthquake
|
2005
|
86000 deaths (include Kashmir & Pakistan)
|
| 18.
|
Kosi Floods
|
2008
|
527
|
| 19.
|
Cyclone Nisha of Tamil Nadu
|
2008
|
204
|
Identifying the hazards:
Natural disasters
Earthquake:
India is
having a high risk towards Earthquakes. More than 58 per cent of
India’s land area
is under
threat of moderate to severe seismic hazard. During the last 20 years,
India has
experienced
10 major earthquakes that have resulted in more than 35,000 deaths. The
most
vulnerable
areas, according to the present seismic zone map of India include the
Himalayan
and
sub-Himalayan regions, Kutch and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands.
Depending on varying
degrees of
seismicity, the entire country can be divided into the following seismic
regions:
Of the
earthquake-prone areas, 12% is prone to very severe earthquakes, 18% to
severe
earthquakes
and 25% to damageable earthquakes.
Though
the regions of the country away from the Himalayas and other inter-plate
boundaries were considered
to be
relatively safe from damaging earthquakes, the presence of a large
number of non- engineering structures
and
buildings with poor foundations in these areas make these regions also
susceptible to earthquakes. In the
recent past,
even these areas also have experienced earthquake, of lower magnitude
than the Himalayan
earthquakes.
The North-Eastern part of the country continues to experience moderate
to strong earthquakes.
On an
average, this region experiences an earthquake with magnitude greater
than 5.0 every year. The Andaman
and Nicobar
Islands are situated on an
inter-plate boundary and therefore are likely to experience damaging
earthquakes frequently. The increase in
earthquake risk
in India in recent times is caused due to a spurt in
developmental activities driven by urbanization, economic development
and the
globalization
of India’s economy.
The increase
in the use of high-technology equipment and tools in manufacturing and
service industries have also
made them
susceptible to disruption due to relatively moderate ground shaking.
Flood and drought:
The country
receives an annual precipitation of 400 million - hectare meters. Of the
annual rainfall, 75%
is received
during four months of
monsoon
(June- September) and, as a result, almost all the rivers carry
heavy
discharge during this period. The flood hazard is compounded by the
problems of sediment deposition,
drainage
congestion and synchronization of river floods with sea tides in the
coastal plains.
The area
vulnerable to floods is 40 million hectares and the average area
affected by floods annually is
about 8
million hectares. About 30 million people are affected by flood every
year. Floods in the
Indo–Gangetic–Brahmaputra plains are an annual feature. On an average, a
few hundred lives are lost,
millions are
rendered homeless and several hectares of crops are damaged every year
Around 68%
arable land of the country is prone to drought in varying degrees.
Drought prone areas
comprise 108.
11 million
hectares out of a total land area of 329 Million hectares. About 50
million people are affected
annually by
drought. Of approximately 90 million hectares of rain-fed areas, about
40 million hectares are
prone to
scanty or no rain.
Cyclone:
India’s
long coastline of 7,516 kilometer is exposed to nearly 10 per cent of
the world’s tropical cyclones.
Of these,
the majority has their initial genesis over the Bay of Bengal and strike
the east coast of India.
On an
average, five to six tropical cyclones form every year, of which two or
three could be severe. Cyclones
occur
frequently on both the coasts (The west coast - Arabian Sea; and the
east coast - Bay of Bengal).
More
cyclones occur in the
Bay of Bengal than in the
Arabian Sea
and the ratio is approximately 4:1.
An analysis
of the frequency of cyclones on the east and west coasts of India
between 1891 and 1990
shows that
nearly 262 cyclones occurred (92 severe) in a 50 km wide strip on the
east coast. Less severe
cyclonic
activity has been noticed on the west coast, with 33 cyclones occurring
in the same period,
out of
which 19 of these were severe.
In India,
Tropical cyclones
occur in the months of May-June and October-November. The cyclones of
severe
intensity
and frequency in the north Indian Ocean are bi-modal in character, with
their primary peak in
November
and secondary peak in May. The disaster potential is particularly high
at the time of landfall
in the
north Indian Ocean (Bay of Bengal and the Arabian Sea) due to the
accompanying destructive wind,
storm
surges and torrential rainfall. Of these, storm surges are the greatest
killers of a cyclone, by
which sea
water inundates low lying areas of coastal regions and causes heavy
floods, erodes beaches and
embankments, destroys vegetation and reduces
soil fertility.
Landslide:
In the hilly terrain of India including the Himalayas, landslides have
been
a major and
widely spread natural disasters that often strike life and property and
occupy a
position of
major concern. One of the worst tragedies took place at
Malpa Uttarkhand
(UP) on
11th and
17th August 1998 when nearly 380 people were killed when massive
landslides washed
away the
entire village. This included 60 pilgrims going to
Lake Mansarovar
in Tibet. In 2010
Cloudburst
led flash mudslides and flash floods killed 196 people, including six
foreigners
and injured
more than 400 and swept away number of houses, sweeping away buildings,
bus stand
and military
installations in trans Himalaya Leh town of Jammu and Kashmir. Giving
due
consideration to the severity of the problem various land reform
measures have been initiated
as
mitigation measures. Landslides occur in the hilly regions such as the
Himalayas, North-East
India, the
Nilgiris, and Eastern and Western Ghats.
Avalanche: Avalanches
are river like speedy flow of snow or ice descending from the mountain
tops.
Avalanches
are very damaging and cause huge loss to life and property. In
Himalayas, avalanches are
common in
Drass, Pir Panijat, Lahaul-Spiti and Badrinath areas. As per
Snow and Avalanche Study
Establishment (SASE), of
Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO),
on an average around
30 people
are killed every year due to this disaster in various zones of the
Himalayas. Beside killing
people,
avalanches also damage the roads and others properties and settlements
falling in its way.
Area Prone to Avalanches
- Avalanches are common in Himalayan region above 3500m elevation.
- Very frequent on slopes of 30-45°.
- Convex slopes more prone to this disaster.
- North facing slope have avalanches in winter and south facing slopes during spring.
- Slopes covered with grass more prone to this hazard.
Forest Fire:
Forest or
bush fire,
though not causing much loss to human life, is a major hazard for
forest cover in the
country. As
per Forest Survey of India report, 50 per cent of the forest cover of
the country is fire prone,
out of which
6.17 per cent is prone to severe fire damage causing extensive loss to
forest vegetation and
environment.
Average annual physical loss due to forest fire in the country is
estimated to worth Rs. 440
crores. The
major loss due to forest fire is caused to the environment which gets
adversely affected by this
calamity.
The degradation of climate, soil and water quality, loss of wildlife and
its habitat, deterioration
of human
health, depletion of ozone layer, etc. along with direct loss to timber
are the major adverse impact
of forest
fires. The
coniferous forests
in the Himalayan region are very susceptible to fire and every year
there are
one or more major fire incidences in these areas. The other parts of the
country dominated by
deciduous
forest are also damaged by fire up to an extent. It is worth mentioning
that in India 90 per cent
of the
forest fires are man-made (intentionally or unintentionally).
Disaster Management Framework
The
institutional and policy mechanisms for carrying out response, relief
and rehabilitation
after
disasters in India had been well-established since Independence. The
increasing
frequency and ferocity, the rising extent and sweep as well as the
mounting human
and
economic toll due to disasters necessitated a reappraisal of
institutional and
policy
frameworks and development of new frameworks for holistic disaster
management
of
disasters.Heralding this
paradigm shift in public policy, the
Tenth Five-Year
Plan (2007-12) stated:
The
traditional perception relating to the management and mitigation of
natural
disasters
has been limited to the idea of “calamity relief,” which is seen
essentially
as a
non-plan item of expenditure. However, the impact of major disasters
cannot
be mitigated
by the provision of immediate relief alone, which is the primary focus
of calamity
relief efforts. Disasters can have devastating effects on the economy;
they cause
huge human and economic losses, and can significantly set back
development
efforts of a
region or a State. With the kind of economic losses and developmental
setbacks
that the country has been suffering year after year, the development
process
needs to be
sensitive towards disaster prevention and mitigation aspects. There
is thus a
need to look at disasters from a development perspective as well.
The Plan also laid down a blue-print for the future:
The future
blue-print for disaster management in India rests on the premise that
in today’s
society while hazards, both natural or otherwise, are inevitable, the
disasters
that follow need not be so and the society can be prepared to cope with
them
effectively whenever they occur. The need of the hour is to chalk out a
multi-pronged strategy
for total risk management, comprising prevention, preparedness,
response
and recovery
on the one hand, and initiate development efforts aimed towards risk
reduction
and mitigation, on the other. Only then can we look forward to
“sustainable
development.
Based on this philosophy, a holistic
National Disaster Management Framework
was
developed in 2004, which highlights the interdependence of economy,
environment,
and
development. This framework also links the issues of poverty
alleviation, capacity
building, community empowerment and other structural and non-structural
issues of
prevention and preparedness, response and recovery for effective
disaster risk mitigation
and
management.
A
comprehensive legal and institutional framework for disaster management
has been
set up
through the
Disaster Management Act passed by the Indian Parliament
in 2005 and the
National Policy on Disaster Managementthat was approved in
2009.
Institutions
The Disaster Management Act 2005 has provided the legal and
institutional framework
for disaster
management in India at the national, state and district levels. In
the federal
polity of India the primary responsibility of disaster management vests
with the
State Governments. The Central Government lays down policies and
guidelines
and provides
technical, financial and logistic support while the district
administration
carries out
most of the operations in collaboration with central and state level
agencies.
In the
Central Government there are existing institutions and mechanisms for
disaster
management while new dedicated institutions have been created under the
Disaster
Management Act of 2005.
The
Cabinet Committee on Management of Natural Calamities (CCMNC)
oversees
all aspects relating to the management of natural calamities including
assessment of the situation and identification of measures and
programmes considered
necessary to reduce its impact, monitor and suggest long term measures
for prevention
of such
calamities, formulate and recommend programmes for public awareness for
building
up society's resilience to them. The Cabinet Committee on
Security.(CCS)
deals
with the matters relating to nuclear, biological and chemical
emergencies
The
National Crisis Management Committee
(NCMC) under the Cabinet
Secretary oversees the Command, Control and Coordination of the disaster
response.
The Disaster
Management Act, 2005 has created new institutions at the national,
state,
district and local levels. The new institutional framework for disaster
management
in the
country is as under:
The
National Disaster Management Authority
(NDMA) under the Chairmanship
of the
Prime Minister is the apex body responsible for laying down policies,
plans
and
guidelines for disaster management and for coordinating their
enforcement and
implementation throughout the country. The policies and guidelines will
assist the
Central
Ministries, State Governments and district administration to formulate
their
respective plans and programmes. NDMA has the power to approve the
National Plans
and the
Plans of the respective Ministries and Departments of Government of
India.
The
general superintendence, direction and control of National Disaster
Response
Force
(NDRF) are vested in and will be exercised by the NDMA.
The National Executive Committee (NEC)
is mandated to assist the
NDMA in
the discharge of its functions and further ensure compliance of the
directions
issued
by the Central Government. The NEC comprises of the Union Home Secretary
as the
Chairperson, and the Secretaries to the GOI in the
Ministries/Departments
of
Agriculture, Atomic Energy, Defence, Drinking Water Supply, Environment
and Forests,
Finance
(Expenditure), Health, Power, Rural Development, Science and Technology,
Space,
Telecommunications, Urban Development, Water Resources and the Chief of
the
Integrated Defence Staff of the Chiefs of Staff Committee as members.
Secretaries
in the
Ministry of External Affairs, Earth Sciences, Human Resource
Development,
Mines,
Shipping, Road Transport & Highways and Secretary, NDMA are special
invitees
to the
meetings of the NEC. The National Executive Committee is responsible to
prepare
the
National Plan and coordinate and monitor the implementation of the
National
Policy
and the guidelines issued by NDMA.
The
Ministry of Home Affairs
(MHA) in the Central Government has
the
overall responsibility for disaster management in the country. For a few
specific
types of
disasters the concerned Ministries have the nodal responsibilities for
management of the disasters, as under:
| Drought
|
Ministry of Agriculture
|
| Epidemics & Biological Disasters
|
Ministry of Health and Family Welfare
|
| Chemical Disasters
|
Ministry of Environment & Forests
|
| Nuclear Disasters
|
Ministry of Atomic Energy
|
| Air Accidents
|
Ministry of Civil Aviation
|
| Railway Accidents
|
Ministry of Railways
|
The
National Institute of Disaster Management (NIDM)
has the mandate
for
human resource development and capacity building for disaster management
within
the
broad policies and guidelines laid down by the NDMA. NIDM is required to
design,
develop
and implement training programmes, undertake research, formulate and
implement
a
comprehensive human resource development plan, provide assistance in
national
policy
formulation, assist other research and training institutes, state
governments
and
other organizations for successfully discharging their responsibilities,
develop
educational materials for dissemination and promote awareness among
stakeholders
in
addition to undertake any other function as assigned to it by the
Central Government
The
National Disaster Response Force (NDRF)
is the specialized force
for
disaster response which works under the overall supervision and control
of the
NDMA.
At the State Level the
State Disaster Management Authority (SDMA),
headed
by the Chief Minister, lays down policies and plans for disaster
management
in the
State. It is also responsible to coordinate the implementation of the
State
Plan,
recommend provision of funds for mitigation and preparedness measures
and
review
the developmental plans of the different departments of the State to
ensure
integration of prevention, preparedness and mitigation measures.
The State
Disaster
Management Department (DMD) which is mostly positioned in the Revenue
and
relief
Department is the nodal authoiry
In the district level the
District Disaster Management Authority
(DDMA)
is headed by the District Magistrate, with the elected representative of
the
local authority as the Co-Chairperson. DDMA is the planning,
coordinating and
implementing body for disaster management at district level. It will,
inter alia
prepare
the District Disaster Management Plan and monitor the implementation of
the
National and State Policies and the National, State and the District
Plans.
DDMA
will also ensure that the guidelines for prevention, mitigation,
preparedness
and
response measures laid down by the NDMA and the SDMA are followed by all
departments
of the
State Government at the district level and the local authorities in the
district.
The
Local Authorities both the rural local self governing institutions
(Panchayati
Raj
Institutions) and urban local bodies (Municipalities, Cantonment Boards
and
Town
Planning Authorities) These bodies will ensure capacity building of
their officers
and
employees for managing disasters, carry out relief, rehabilitation and
reconstruction
activities in the affected areas and will prepare DM Plans in consonance
with guidelines
of the
NDMA, SDMAs and DDMAs
Disaster Management Act 2005
The
Disaster Management Act, 2005 came into the statute book on 26 December
2005 by a Gazette
notification, exactly on the first anniversary of the devastating
tsunami of 2004, which killed
nearly
13,000 people in India alone and affected 18 million people. The Act
provides a legal and
institutional framework for “the effective management of disasters and
for matters connected therewith
or
incidental thereto.” It provides for establishment of
National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA),
State Disaster Management Authority (SDMA) and
District Disaster Management Authorities (DDMA)
at the
National, State and District levels with adequate financial and
administrative powers and creation of the
National
Institute of Disaster Management (NIDM) with the mandate of undertaking
training and capacity
building, Develop Training Modules on various aspects of Disaster
management, Undertake Research and
Documentation, Formulate and implement comprehensive
HRD Plan
covering all aspects of DM, Provide assistance
in
national level policy formulation and Provide assistance to state
governments and State Training
Institutions. The act also provides guidelines for creation of National
Disaster Response Fund, National
Mitigation Fund, Establishment of funds by State Government and
Allocation of funds by Ministries and
Departments for Emergency procurement. The act also provides for
establishment of
National Disaster Response
Force (NDRF).
- National Policy on Disaster Management 2009
The National Policy on Disaster Management
was approved by the Government in November
2009. This comprehensive policy document lays down policies on every
aspect of holistic
management of disasters in the country. The policy has thirteen chapters
as under:
- Preamble
- Approach and Objectives
- Institutional and Legal Arrangements
- Financial Arrangements
- Disaster Prevention, Mitigation and Preparedness
- Techno-Legal Regime
- Response
- Relief and Rehabilitation
- Reconstruction and Recovery
- Capacity Development
- Knowledge Management
- Research and development
- Road Ahead
-
Salient Features of India’s National Policy on Disaster Management:
India’s National Policy on Disaster Management was approved by the Union Cabinet
of India on 22nd October, 2009 with the aim to minimize the losses to
lives, livelihoods and property, caused by natural or manmade disasters
with a vision to build a safe & Disaster resilient India by
developing a holistic, proactive, integrated, Multi-disaster oriented
and technology driven strategy. With this national Policy in place in
India, a holistic and integrated approach will be evolved towards
disaster management with emphasis on building strategic partnerships at
various levels. The themes underpinning the policy include Community based Disaster Management, Capacity development
in all spheres, Consolidation of past initiatives and best practices
and Cooperation with agencies at National and International levels with
multi-sectoral synergy.
The
Policy is also intended to promote a culture of prevention, preparedness
and resilience at all levels through knowledge, innovation and
education. It encourages mitigation measures based on environmental
sustainability. It seeks to mainstream disaster management into the
developmental planning process and provides for Institutional and
Financial arrangements at national, State, and District-levels for Disaster Prevention, Mitigation, Preparedness and Response as it ensures adequate budgeting for disaster mitigation activities in all Ministries and Departments.
- State Policies on Disaster Management
The
States of Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat, Kerala have formulated State Disaster
Management
Policies. policies. Tamil Nadu, Chattisgarh, Uttranchal, Meghalaya,
Bihar, Rajasthan,
Delhi, Orissa and West Bengal have prepared draft policies.
- State Relief Codes/ DM Codes
Many
States have manuals and codes for management of drought, floods etc.
Now many
states are in the process of changing their State Relief codes into Disaster Management
Manuals.
Guidelines of NDMA:
SOURCE: India Disaster Knowledge Network (IDKN)