INTERVIEW SCHEDULE

Heads of Important Offices in India

Dr. Manmohan Singh: Chairman, Planning Commission.
Ms. Meira Kumar: Speaker, Lok Sabha.
Mohammad Hamid Ansari: Chairman, Rajya Sabha.
Mr. K. Rahman Khan: Deputy Chairman, Rajya Sabha.
Mr. Karia Munda: Deputy Speaker, Lok Sabha.
Mrs. Sushma Swaraj : Leader of Opposition (Lok Sabha).
Mr. Arun Jaitley: Leader of Opposition (Rajya Sabha).
Dr. Montek Singh Ahluwalia: Deputy Chairman, Planning Commission.
Mr. S. Y. Quraishi: Chief Election Commissioner
Mr. V. S. Sampath : Election Commissioner.
Mr. Harishankar Brahma : Election Commissioner.
Mr. Vinod Rai : Comptroller and Auditor-General of India.
Mr. Justice K. G. Balakrishnan : Chairperson, National Human Right Commission (NHRC)
Mr. Ajit Seth : Cabinet Secretary.
Mr. T. K. A. Nair : Principal Secretary to Prime Minister .
Mr. Justice M. N. Rao: Chairman, National Commission for Backward Classes.
Ms. Shanta Sinha: Chairperson, National Commission for Protection of Child Rights
Dr. Dr P.L Punia: Chairman, National Commission for Scheduled Castes
Dr. Rameshwar Oraon : Chairman, National Commission for Scheduled Tribes.
Prof. D. P. Agrawal: Chairman, UPSC.
Dr. M. S. Swaminathan : Chairman, National Commission on Farmers.
Mr. Shiv Shankar Menon: National Security Adviser and Special Adviser to PM (Internal Security).
Mr. S. C. Sinha : Director-General, National Investigation Agency (NIA).
Mr. S. S. Khurana: Chairman, Railway Board.
Mr. Vivek Kumar Agnihotri: Secretary-General, Rajya Sabha
Mr. T. K. Viswanathan : Secretary-General, Lok Sabha.
Mr. Nehchal Sandhu: Director, IB.
Mr. A. P. Singh: Director, CBI.
Mr. Sanjeev Tripathi: Director, Research and Analysis Wing.
Mr. R. K. Medhekar : Director-General, NSG.
Mr. Vijay Kumar : Director-General, CRPF.
Mr. Raman Srivastava : Director-General, Border Security Force (BSF).
Mr. Niraj Ranjan Das : Director-General, Central Industrial Security Force (CISF).
Mr. Ranjit Sinha: Director-General, Railway Protection Force.
Mr. R. K. Bhatia: Director-General, Indo-Tibetan Border Police.
Mr. Y. S. Dadwal : Director-General, Sashastra Seema Bal.
Vice-Admiral Anil Chopra: Director-General, Coast Guard.
Lt. Gen. Avtar Singh: Director-General, Defence Intelligence Agency.
Mr. Sukhadeo Thorat : Chairman, UGC.
Mr. V. K. Saraswat : Scientific Adviser to Defence Minister and Secretary, Defence Research & Development Organisation.
Dr. R. Chidambaram : Principal Scientific Adviser to the Government.
Mr. K. Radhakrishnan: Chairman, Space Commission and ISRO.
Mr. Srikumar Banerjee : Chairman, Atomic Energy Commission and Secretary, Dept. of Atomic Energy.
Mr. Wajahat Habibullah: Chairperson, National Commission for Minorities.
Mr. N. K. Raghupathy : Chairman, SSC.
Mr. Justice (Retd.) B. N. Kirpal: Chairman, National Forest Commission.
Dr. Amrita Patel: Chairperson, National Dairy Development Board (NDDB).
Lt. Gen. M. C. Badhani : Director-General, Border Roads Organisation.
Dr. Vishwa Mohan Katoch : Director-General, Indian Council of Medical Research.
Mr. C. Chandramouli : Registrar-General of India and Census Commissioner.
Mr. P. V. Reddy : Chairman, Law Commission.
Mr. Baldev Raj : President, Indian National Academy of Engineering.
Mr. Duvvuri Subbarao : Governor, RBI.
Mr. Justice G. N. Ray: Chairman, Press Council of India.
Mr. V. J. Darda : Chairman, Audit Bureau of Circulations (ABC).
Mr. Prakash Chandra: Chairperson, Central Board of Direct Taxes (CBDT).
Mr. A. K. Singh: Chairman, Central Board of Excise & Customs.
Justice Arijit Pasayat : Chairperson, Competition Appellate Tribunal
Mr. S. K. Garg : CMD, NHPC.
Mr. R. S. Sharma: CMD, ONGC.
Mr. U. D. Choubey : CMD, GAIL.
Mr. S. Behuria : Chairman, IOC.
Mr. N. M. Borah: CMD, Oil India Ltd.
Mr. Ashok Ganguly: Chairman, CBSE.
Mr. U. K. Sinha: Chairman, Securities & Exchange Board of India.
Mr. Prakash Bakshi: Chairman, National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development (NABARD).
Mr. Pratip Chaudhuri : Chairman, SBI.
Mr. V. P. Shetty : Chairman, IDBI.
Mr. S. Balasubramanian : Chairman, Company Law Board.
Mr. Hardeep Singh Puri : India's Permanent Representative to UN.
Mr. T. S. Vijayan : Chairman, LIC
Mr. A. K. Bajaj : Chairman, Central Water Commission.
Dr. Vijay L. Kelkar: Chairman, 13th Finance Commission. 
Ms. Mamta Sharma : Chairperson, National Commission for Women.
Ms. Leela Samson: Chairperson, Central Board of Film Certification.
Dr. Gautam Sengupta : Director-General, Archaeological Survey of India.
Mr. Rajan Bharti Mittal : President, FICCI.
Mr. J. S. Sarma: Chairman, TRAI
Mr. R. N. Das : Director, Enforcement Directorate.
Mr. Yogesh Agarwal: Chairman, Pension Fund Regulatory & Development Authority.
Mr. Pradeep Kumar: Central Vigilance Commissioner (CVC).
Dr. Ratan Kumar Sinha : Director, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre.
Mr. Satyanand Mishra : Chief Information Commissioner.
Prof. Krishan Kumar: Director, NCERT.
Mr. Hari S. Bharti: President, CII.
Mr. Sam Pitroda : Chairman, National Knowledge Commission.
Mr. Rajiv Takru : CEO, Prasar Bharti Board.
Mr. Ratan Tata : Chairman, Investment Commission.
Mr. Rajendra S. Pawar : Chairman, NASSCOM.
Mr. Swati Piramal: President, ASSOCHAM.
Mr. Manmohan Shetty : Chairman, National Film Development Corporation.
Mr. Ravindra Kumar: Chairman, United News of India.
Mr. N. Ravi : Chairman, PTI.
Mr. Hormusji N. Cama: President, Indian Newspaper Society.

Governors and Chief Ministers of States in India

States	Capitals	Governors	Chief Ministers
(1) Andhra Pradesh	Hyderabad	Mr. E.S.L.Narasimhan	Mr. N.Kiran Kumar Reddy
(2) Arunachal Pradesh	Itanagar	Gen. (Retd.) J. J. Singh	Mr. Jarbom Gamlin
(3) Assam	Dispur	Mr. J. B. Patnaik	Mr. Tarun Gogoi
(4) Bihar	Patna	Mr. Devanand Konwar	Mr. Nitish Kumar
(5) Chhattisgarh	Raipur	Mr. Shekhar Dutt	Dr. Raman Singh
(6) Goa	Panaji	Mr. S. S. Sidhu	Mr. Digambar V. Kamat
(7) Gujarat	Gandhinagar	Dr. Kamla	Mr. Narendra Modi
(8) Haryana	Chandigarh	Mr. Jagannath Pahadia	Mr. Bhupinder S. Hooda
(9) Himachal Pradesh	Shimla	Ms. Urmila Singh	Mr. Prem Kumar Dhumal
(10) Jammu and Kashmir	Srinagar (Summer) Jammu (Winter)	Mr. N. N. Vohra	Mr. Omar Abdullah
(11) Jharkhand	Ranchi	Mr. M. O. H. Farook	Mr. Arjun Munda
(12) Karnataka	Bengaluru	Mr. Hans Raj Bhardwaj	Mr. DV Sadananda Gowda
(13) Kerala	Thiruvananthapuram	Mr. Ramkrishna S. Gavai	Mr. V. S. Achuthanandan
(14) Madhya Pradesh	Bhopal	Mr. Rameshwar Thakur	Mr. Shivraj Singh Chauhan
(15) Maharashtra	Mumbai	Mr. K. Sankaranarayan	Mr. Prithviraj Chavan
(16) Manipur	Imphal	Mr. Gurbachan Jagat	Mr.Okram Ibobi Singh
(17) Meghalaya	Shillong	Mr. R. S. Mooshahary	Mr. Mukul A. Sangma
(18) Mizoram	Aizawl	Lt Gen. (Retd.) M M. Lakhera	Mr.Lalthanhawla
(19) Nagaland	Kohima	Mr. Nikhil Kumar	Mr. Neiphiu Rio
(20) Orissa	Bhubaneswar	Mr. M. C. Bhandare	Mr. Naveen Patnaik
(21) Punjab	Chandigarh	Mr. Shivraj V. Patil	Mr. Parkash Singh Badal
(22) Rajasthan	Jaipur	Mr. Shivraj V. Patil (Acting)	Mr. Ashok Gehlot
(23) Sikkim	Gangtok	Mr. Balmiki Prasad Singh	Mr. Pawan Chamling
(24) Tamil Nadu	Chennai	Mr. S. S. Barnala	Ms. Jayalalithaa
(25) Tripura	Agartala	Mr. D. Y. Patil	Mr. Manik Sarkar
(26) Uttarakhand	Dehradun	Ms. Margaret Alva	Mr. Ramesh Pokhriyal
(27) Uttar Pradesh	Lucknow	Mr. B. L. Joshi	Ms. Mayawati
(28) West Bengal	Kolkata	Mr. M. K. Narayanan	Ms. Mamata Banerjee

List of World Presidents & Prime Ministers

● Afghanistan: President - Hamid Karzai; Capital - Kabul.

● Algeria: President - Abdelaziz Bouteflika; Prime Minister - Ahmed Ouyahia; Capital-
Algiers.

● Argentina: President- Ms. Cristina Fernandez Kirchner; Capital- Buenos Aires.

● Australia: Governor-General- Ms. Quentin Bryce; PRIME MINISTER- Kevin Rudd; Capital (Federal)- Canberra.

● Austria: President- Heinz Fischer; Chancellor-Werner Faymann, Capital- Vienna.

● Bahrain: King - Hamad ibn al-Khalifah; Prime Minister - Sheikh Khalifah Sulman al-Khalifah; Capital- Manama.

● Bangladesh: President - Zillur Rahman; PRIME MINISTER - Ms. Sheikh Hasina; Capital- Dhaka.

● Belarus: President- Alexander Lukashenko; Prime Minister - Sergei Sidorsky; Capital- Minsk.

● Belgium: King - Albert II; Prime Minister-Herman Van Rompuy; Capital- Brussels.

● Bhutan: King - Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuk; Prime Minister-Jigmi Y. Thinley;
Capital – Thimphu

● Bolivia: President- Evo Morales; Capital – La Paz.

● Brazil: President- Ms. Dilma Rousseff; Capital - Brasilia.

● Bulgaria: President - Georgi Purvanov; Prime Minister - Boyko Borisov; Capital-
Sofia.

● Burkina Faso: President – Blaise Compaore; Prime Minister – Tertius Zongo; Capital-

Ouagadougou.

● Cambodia: King - Norodom Sihamoni; Prime Minister - Hun Sen; Capital – Phnom Penh.

● Canada: Governor-General Ms. Michaelle Jean; PRIME MINISTER - Stephen Harper; Capital- Ottawa.

● Chile: President - Ms. Sebastian Pinera; Capital - Santiago.

● China: President- Hu Jintao; Prime Minister-Wen Jiabao; Capital- Beijing.

● Colombia: President- Juan Manuel Santos; Capital - Bogota.

● Croatia: President - Stjepan Mesic; Prime Minister -Dr. Ivo Sanader; Capital-Zagreb.

● Cuba: President- Raul Castro; Capital -Havana.

● Czech Republic: President- Vaclav Klaus; Prime Minister -Jan Fischer; Capital-Prague.

● Denmark: Queen - Margrethe II; Prime Minister- Lars Lokke Rasmussen; Capital - Copenhagen.

● Ecuador: President- Rafael Correa; Capital-Quito.

● Egypt: President - Mohamed Hussein Tantawi (Acting); Capital-Cairo.

● Finland: President - Ms. Tarja Halonen; Prime Minister - Matti Vanhanen; Capital-Helsinki.

● France: President- Nicolas Sarkozy; Prime Minister - Francois Fillon; Capital- Paris.

● Germany: President - Horst Koehler; Chancellor - Ms. Angela Merkel; Capital-Berlin.

● Guyana: President - Bharrat Jagdeo; Prime Minister - Samuel Hinds; Capital- Georgetown.

● Greece: President – Karolos Papoulias; Prime Minister – George Papandreou; Capital - Athens.

● Hungary: President- Pal Schmitt; PRIME MINISTER - Viktor Orban; Capital- Budapest.

● Indonesia: President - Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono; Capital- Jakarta.

● Iran: President - Mahmoud Ahmadinejad; Capital- Teheran.

● Iraq: President -Jalai Talabani; Prime Minister - Nuri al-Maliki, Capital- Baghdad.

● Ireland: President- Ms. Mary McAleese; Prime Minister - Brian Cowen, Capital- Dublin.

● Israel: President - Shimon Peres; PRIME MINISTER - Benjamin Netanyahu; Capital- Jerusalem.

● Italy: President - Georgio Napolitano; Prime Minister- Silvio Berlusconi; Capital- Rome.

● Japan: Emperor- Akihito; Prime Minister: Naoto Kan; Capital- Tokyo.

● Jordan: King - Abdullah II; Prime Minister-Nader al-Dahabi; Capital- Amman.

● Kazakhstan: President - Nursultan A. Nazarbayev; Prime Minister – Karim Masimov; Capital- Astana.

● Kenya: President - Mwai Kibaki; Prime Minister - Raila Odinga; Capital - Nairobi.

● Korea, North: President – Marshal Kim Jong II; Prime Minister – Hong Song Nam;
Capital- Pyongyang.

● Korea, South: President-, Lee Myung-Bak; Prime Minister - Kim Hwang-sik; Capital -
Seoul.

● Kuwait: Emir - Sheikh Sabah ai-Ahmad al-Sabah; Capital - Kuwait.

● Kyrgyzstan: President (Interim) – Kurmanbek Bakiyey; Prime Minister - Daniyar Usenov
Capital - Bishkek.

● Madagascar: President - Andy Rajoelina; Prime Minister - Eugene Mangalaza; Capital-
Antananarivo.

● Malaysia: King - T. S. S. Syed Putra Jamalullail; Prime Minister- Najib Tun Razak; Capital-Kuala Lumpur.

● Maldives: President - Mohammed "Anni" Nasheed; Capital - Male.

● Mauritius: President - Anerood Jugnauth; Prime Minister - Navinchandra Ramgoolam; Capital - Port Louis.

● Mexico: President – Felipe Calderon; Capital – Mexico City.

● Mongolia: President - Nambaryn Enkhbayar; Prime Minister - Sukhbaatar Batblod; Capital - Ulan Bator.

● Montenegro: President - Filip Vujanovic; Prime Minister-Milo Dukanovic; Capital – Podgorica

● Morocco: King - Mohammed VI; Prime Minister - Abbas El Fassi; Capital - Rabat.

● Myanmar (Burma) : Head of Govt. : Gen. Than Shwe; Capital - Nyapidaw.

● Nepal: President - Dr. Ram Baran Yadav; Prime Minister – Jhala Nath Khanal; Capital -Kathmandu.

● Netherlands: Queen - Beatrix; Capital-Amsterdam.

● New Zealand: Governor-General – Anand Satyanand; PrimeMinister - John Key; Capital-
Wellington.

● Nigeria: President - Goodluck Jonathan; Capital - Abuja.

● Norway: King - Harald V; Prime Minister – Jens Stoltenberg; Capital - Oslo.

● Pakistan: President - Asif Ali Zardari; Prime Minister - Syed Yousuf Raza Gilani; Capital -Islamabad. .

● Panama: President - Ricardo Martenelli; Capital - Panama City.

● Paraguay: President - Fernando Lugo; Capital – Asuncion

● Peru: President - Alan Garcia; Prime Minister -Javier Velasquez; Capital- Lima.

● Philippines: President - Ms. Gloria Macapagal- Arroyo; Capital - Manila.

● Poland: President - Lech Kaczynski; Prime Minister- Donald Tusk; Capital- Warsaw.

● Portugal: President - Amibal Cavaco Silva; Prime Minister - Jose Socrates; Capital-
Lisbon.

● Romania: President - Traian Basecue; Prime Minister - Emil Boc; Capital - Bucharest.

● Russia: President - Dmitry Medvedev; Prime Minister - Vladimir Putin; Capital - Moscow.

● Rwanda: President - Paul Kagame; Prime Minister - Bernard Makuza; Capital -Kigali.

● Saudi Arabia : King - Abdullah bin Abdul Aziz al Saud; Capital- Riyadh.

● Serbia: President - Boris Tadic; Prime Minister - Mirko Cvetkovic; Capital - Belgrade.

● Singapore: President - S. R. Nathan; PRIME MINISTER - Lee Hsien Loong; Capital - Singapore.

● Slovakia: President - Ivan Gasparovic; Prime Minister - Robert Fico; Capital-Bratislava.

● South Africa : President- Jacob Zuma; Capital-Cape Town (Legislative) and Tshwane
(Formerly Pretoria) (Administrative).

● Spain: King - Juan Carlos I; Prime Minister-Jose Luis Rodriguez Zapatero; Capital -Madrid.

● Sri Lanka: President - Mahinda Rajapaksa; Prime Minister - – D.M. Jayaratne; Capital- Sri Jayewardenepura Kotte (Colombo).

● Sudan: President - Omar Hassan Ahmad al-Bashir; Capital - Khartoum.

● Sweden: King - Carl XVI Gustaf; PRIME MINISTER – Fredrik Reinfeldt; Capital - Stockholm.

● Switzerland: President - Hans-Rudolf Merz; Capital – Berne

● Syria: President - Bashar Al-Assad; Prime Minister - Muhammad Naji al-Otari; Capital- Damascus.

● Taiwan: President - Ma Ying-jeou; Prime Minister -Wu Den-yih; Capital – Taipei.

● Turkey: President - Abdullah Gul; Prime Minister - Recep Tayyip Erdogan; Capital- Ankara.

● Ukraine: President - Victor Yushchenko; Prime Minister- Mykola Azarov; Capital- Kiev.

● United Arab Emirates: Prime Minister- Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid Al-Maktoum;
Capital- Abu Dhabi.

● United Kingdom: Queen - Elizabeth II; Prime Minister - Gordon Brown; Capital - London.

● United States of America: President – Barack Obama; Secretary of State -Ms. Hillary Clinton; Capital- Washington, D.C.

● Uzbekistan: President - Islam A. Karimov; Prime Minister - Shavkat Mirziyayev; Capital- Tashkent.

● Venezuela: President - Hugo Chavez Frias; Capital - Caracas.

● Vietnam: President - Nguyen Minh Triet; Prime Minister - Nguyen Tan Dung; Capital-
Hanoi.

● Zimbabwe: President - Robert G. Mugabe; PRIME MINISTER - Morgan Tsvangirai; Capital- Harare.

Trophies in Indian Sports

TROPHY	SPORTS
Agarwal Cup	Badminton
Agha Khan Cup	Hockey
All-India Women’s Guru Nanak Championship	Hockey
Bandodkar Trophy	Football
Bangalore Blues Challenge Cup	Basketball
Barna-Bellack Cup	Table Tennis
Beighton Cup	Hockey
Bombay Gold Cup	Hockey
Burdwan Trophy	Weight-lifting
Charminar Trophy	Athletics
Chadha Cup	Badminton
C. K. Naydu Trophy	Cricket
Chakoia Gold Trophy	Football
Divan Cup	Badminton
Deodhar Trophy	Cricket
Duleep Trophy	Cricket
D. C. M. Cup	Football
Durand Cup	Football
Dhyan Chand Trophy	Hockey
Dr. B. C. Roy Trophy (Junior)	Football
Ezra Cup	Polo
F. A. Cup	Football
G. D. Birla Trophy	Cricket
Ghulam Ahmed Trophy	Cricket
Gurmeet Trophy	Hockey
Gura Nanak Cup	Hockey
Gyanuati Devi Trophy	Hockey
Holkar Trophy	Bridge
lrani Trophy	Cricket
I. F. A. Shield	Football
lndira Gold Cup	Hockey
Jawaharlal Challenge	Air Racing
Jaswant Singh Trophy	Best Services Sportsman
Kuppuswamy Naidu Trophy	Hockey
Lady Rattan Tata Trophy	Hockey
MCC Trophy	Hockey
Moinuddaula Gold Cup	Cricket
Murugappa Gold Cup	Hockey
Modi Gold Cup	Hockey
Narang Cup	Badminton
Nehru Trophy	Hockey
Nixan Gold Cup	Football
Obaid Ullah Gold Cup	Hockey
Prithi Singh Cup	Polo
Rani Jhansi Trophy	Cricket
Ranjit Trophy	Cricket
Rangaswami Cup	Hockey
Ranjit Singh Gold Cup	Hockey
Rajendra Prasad Cup	Tennis
Ramanujan Trophy	Table Tennis
Rene Frank Trophy	Hockey
Radha Mohan Cup	Polo
Raghbir Singh Memorial	Football
Rohinton Baria Trophy	Cricket
Rovers Cup	Football
Sanjay Gold Cup	Football
Santosh Trophy	Football
Sir Ashutosh Mukherjee	Football
Subroto Cup	Football
Scindia Gold Cup	Hockey
Sahni Trophy	Hockey
Sheesh Mahal Trophy	Cricket
Todd Memorial Trophy	Football
Tommy Eman Gold Cup	Hockey
Vittal Trophy	Football
Vizzy Trophy	Cricket
Vijay Merchant Trophy	Cricket
Wellington Trophy	Rowing

Famous Books by Indian Authors

Books	Author
A Bend in the river	V S Naipaul
A Brush with Life	Satish Gujral
A Conceptual Encyclopaedia of Guru Granth Sahib	S S Kohli
A Foreign Policy for India	I K Gujral
A Himalayan Love Story	Namita Gokhale
A Nation Flawed-Lesson from Indian History	P N Chopra
A Peep into the Past	Vasant Navrekar
A Possible India	Partha Chatterjee
A Psychoanalysis of the Prophets	Abdulla Kamal
A Reveolutionary Life	Laxmi Sehgal
A Secular Agenda	Arun Shourie
A Suitable Boy	Vikram Seth
Acoession to Extinction	D R Mankekar
Across Borders, Fifty-years of India’s Foreign Policy	J N Dixit
Adhe Adhure	Mohan Rakesh
After the Dark Night	S M Ali
Agni Pariksha	Acharya Tulsi
Agni Veena	Kazi Nazrul Islam
Ain-i-Akbari	Abul Fazal
Ajatshatru	Jai Shankar Prasad
Akbarnama	Abul Fazal
Amar Kosh	Amar Singh
An Autobiography	Jawaharlal Nehru
An idealist View of Life	Dr S  Radhakrishnan
Anandmath	Bankim Chandra Chatterjee
Anatomy of a Flawed inheritance	J N Dixit
Anguish of Deprived	Lakshmidhar Mishra
Answer to History	Mohammad Reza Pahlavi
Area of Darkness	V S Naipaul
Arion and the Dolphin	Vikram Seth
Arthashastra	Kautilya
Ashtadhyayi	Panini
Asia and Western Dominance	K M Panikkar
Assassination of a Prime Minister	S Anandram
Assignment Colombo	J N Dixit
Atoms of Hope	Mohan Sundara Rajan
Autobiography of an Unknown Indian	Nirad C  Chaudhuri
Backward Place	Ruth Prawer Jhabwala
Bandicoot Run	Manohar Malgonkar
Bang-i-Dara	Mohammad lqbal
Beginning of the Beginning	Acharya Rajneesh
Bend in the Ganges	Manohar Malgonkar
Between the Lines	Kuldip Nayar
Bewildered India-Identity, Pluralism, Discord	Rasheedud-din Khan
Beyond Boundaries: A Memoire	Swaraj Paul
Beyond Modernisation, Beyond Self	Sisir Kumar Ghose
Bhagwat Gita	Veda Vyas
Bharal Aur Europe	Nirmal Verma
Bharat Bharati	Maithili Sharan Gupta
Bharaitya Parampara Ke Mool Swar	Govind Chandra Pande
Bisarjan	R N Tagore
Blind Men of Hindoostan-indo-Pak Nuclear War	Gen  Krishnaswamy Sundarji
Bliss was it in that Dawn	Minoo Masani
Borders & Boundaries: Women in India’s Partition	Ritu Menon & Kamla Bhasin
Bostaan	Sheikh Saadi
Bread, Beauty and Revolution	Khwaja Ahmed Abbas
Breaking the Silence	Anees Jung
Breakthrough	Gen Moshe Dayan
Bride for the Sahib and Other Stories	Khushwant Singh
Bridge’s Book of Beauty	Mulk Raj Anand
Brishbikkha	Bankim Chandra Chatterji
Britain’s True History	Prem Bhatia
Broken Wings	Sarojini Naidu
Bubble	Mulk Raj Anand
Buddha Charitam	Ashvaghosha
Bunch of Old Letters	Jawaharlal Nehru
By God’s Decree	Kapil Dev
Canvass of Life	Sheila Gujral
Chandalika	Rabindranath Tagore
Chemmeen	Thakazhi Sivasankara Pillai
Chidambara	Sumitranandan Pant
Chikaveera Rajendra	Masti Venkatesh lyengar
Chinese Betrayal	B N Mullick
Chitra	Rabindranath Tagore
Choma’s Drum	K  Shivaram Karanath
Chithirappaavai	P V Akilandam
Confessions of a Lover	Mulk Raj Anand
Confrontation with Pakistan	Gen B M Kaul
Conquest of Self	Mahatma Gandhi
Continent of Circle	Nirad C  Chaudhuri
Coolie	Mulk Raj Anand
Court Dancer	Rabindranath Tagore
Crescent Moon	Rabindranath Tagore
Crescent Over Kashmir	Anil Maheshwari
Crisis into Chaos	E M S  Namboodiripad
Crossing the Sacred Line-Women’s	Abhilasha Kumari, Sabina
Search for Political Power	Abhilasha & Sabina Kidwai
Crown and the Loincloth	Chaman Nahal
Cuckold	Kiran Nagar Kar
Culture in the Vanity Bag	Nirad C  Chaudhuri
Curtain Raisers	K Natwar Singh
Dark Room	R K Narayan
Dashkumar Charitam	Dandi
Daughter of the East	Benazir Bhutto
Day in Shadow	Nayantara Sehgal
Days of My Yers	H P Nanda
Death of a City	Amrita Pritam
Death-The Supreme Friend	Kakasaheb Kalelkar
Decline and Fall of Indira Gandhi	D R Mankekar and Kamala Mankekar
Democracy Redeemed	V K Narsimhan
Devadas	Sarat Chandra Chatterjee
Dharmashastra	Manu
Discovery of India	Jawaharlal Nehru
Distant Drums	Manohar Malgonkar
Distant Neighbours	Kuldip Nayar
Divine Comedy	A Dante
Divine Life	Swami Sivananda
Don’t Laugh-We are Police	Bishan Lal Vohra
Dream in Hawaii	Bhabani Bhattacharya
Durgesh Nandini	Bankim Chandra Chatterjee
Dynamics of Social Change	Chandra Shekhar
Earth in the Balance: Forging a New	Albert Gore
East of Eden	B N Mullick
East West	Salman Rushdie
Economic Planning of India	Ashok Mehta
Economics of the Third World	S K Ray
Eight Lives	Rajmohan Gandhi
End of an Era	C S Pandit
English August	Upamanyu Chatterjee
Essays On Gita	Aurobindo Ghosh
Eternal Himalayas	Major H P S Ahluwalia
Eternal India	Indira Gandhi
Eternity	Anwar Shaikh
Faces to Everest	Maj H P S Ahluwalia
Facts are Facts	Khan Abdul Wali Khan
Faith & Fire: A Way Within	Madhu Tandon
Fall of a Sparrow	Salim Ali
Farewell to a Ghost	Manoj Das
Fasana-i-Azad	Ratan Nath Sarkar
Flames from the Ashes	P D Tandon
Food, Nutrition and Poverty in India	V K R V Rao
Forbidden Sea	Tara Ali Baig
Fortynine Days	Amrita Pritam
Freedom Behind Bars	Sheikh Mohd Abdullah
Friends and Foes	Sheikh Mujibur Rehman
Friends, Not Masters	Ayub Khan
From india to America	S Chandrashekhar
From Rajpath to Lokpath	Vijaya Raja Scindia
Future of NPT	Savita Pande
Ganadevata	Tara Shankar Bandopadhyaya
Gardener	Rabindra Nath Tagore
Geeta Govind	Jaya Dev
Ghasiram Kotwal	Vijay Tendulkar
Gita Rahasya	Bal Gangadhar Tilak
Gitanjali	Rabindra Nath Tagore
Glimpses of Indian Ocean	Z A Quasim
Glimpses of World History	Jawaharlal Nehru
Goa	Asif Currimbhoy
Godan	Munshi Prem Chand
Godrej: A Hundred Years	B K Karanjia
Golden Gate	Vikram Seth
Golden Threshold	Sarojini Naidu
Gora	Rabindra Nath Tagore
Great Depression of 1990	Ravi Batra
Guide	R K Narayan
Gul-e-Naghma	Raghupati Sahai ‘Firaq’ Gorakhpuri
Gulistan Boston	Sheikh Saadi
Gulzari Lal Nanda: A Peep	Promilla Kalhan
in the Service of the People	Promilla Kalhan
Gurusagaram	O V Vijayan
Harsha Charita	Bana Bhatt
Harvest	Majula Padmanabhan
Heat and Dust	Ruth Prawer Jhabwala
Heavy Weather	P G Wodehouse
Henry Esmond	Thackeray
Heir Apparent	Dr Karan Singh
Higher than Hope	Fatima Meer
Himalayan Blunder	Brig J P Dalvi
Hindu View of Life	Dr S  Radhakrishnan
History of Hindu Chemistry	Sir P C Ray
Hitopadesh	R K Narayan
Hindi Sahitya Aur Samvedna Ka Vikas	R S Chaturvedi
Hind Swaraj	M K Gandhi
Hindu Civilisation	J M Barrie
Hinduism	Nirad C Chaudhary
Hungry Stones	Rabindra Nath Tagore
I am not an Island	K A Abbas
I Dare	Parmesh Dangwal
I follow the Mahatma	K M Munshi
I Muse; Therefore I am	V N Narayanan
Idols	Sunil Gavaskar
In the Light of the Black Sun	Rohit Manchanda
In the Shadow of Pines	Mandeep Rai
India 2020: A Vision for the New Millennium	Dr A P J Abdul Kalam & Dr Y S Rajan
India-A Wounded Civilisation	V S Naipaul
India-From Curzon to Nehru and After	Durga Dass
India-From Midnight to the Millennium	Shashi Tharoor
India-Independence Festival (1947-1997)	Raghu Rai
India in Transition	Prof Jagdish Bhagwati
India is for Sale	Chitra Subramaniam
India of Our Dreams	M V Kamath
India Today	Rajni Palme Dutt
Indian Home Rule	M K Gandhi
Indian Philosophy	Dr S  Radhakrishnan
India’s Culture the State the Arts & Beyond	B P Singh
India’s Economic Crisis	Dr Bimal Jalan
Essay’s for Manmohan Singh	I J Ahluwalia & M D Little
Indian Arms Bazaar	Maj-Gen, Pratap Narain
India Divided	Rajendra Prasad
India Wins Freedom	Maulana Abul Kalam Azad
Indian Muslims	Prof Mohd Mujeeb
India, the Critial Years	Kuldip Nayar
Indira Gandhi’s Emergence and Style	Nayantara Sehgal
Indira’s India	S Nihal Singh
Inside the CBI	Joginder Singh
Insider	P V Narsimha Rao
Intelligence Services	Dr Bhashyam Kasturi
It is Always Possible	Kiran Bedi
Jai Somnath	K M Munshi
Jaguar Smile	Salman Rushdie
Jajar, Churashir Maa	Mahashweta Devi
Jankijeevanam	Prof Rajendra Mishra
Jawaharlal Nehru-A Communicator	Damodaran, A. K.
& Democratic Leader	A K Damodran
Jawaharlal Nehru, Rebel and Statesman	B R Nanda
Junglee Girl	Ginu Kamani
Kadambari	Bana Bhatt
Kamadhenu	Kubernath Ray
Kamasutra	Vatsyayan
Kagaz Te Kanwas	Amrita Pritam
Kamayani	Jai Shankar Pandit
Kali Aandhi	Kamleshwar
Kanthapura	Raja Rao
Kanyadaan	Vijay Tendulkar
Kapal Kundala	Bankim Chandra Chatterjee
Kashmir-A Tale of Shame	Hari Jaisingh
Kashmir-Behind the Vale	M J Akbar
Kashmir Diary: Psychology of Militancy	Gen Arjun Ray
Kashmir-The Wounded Valley	Ajit Bhattacharjee
Kashmir in the Crossfire	Victoria Shaffield
Kashmir A Tragedy of Errors	Tavleen Singh
Katghare Main	Ram Sharan Joshi
Kayakalp	Munshi Prem Chand
Kayar	Thakazhi Sivasankara Pillai
Keepers of the Keys	Milan Kundera
King of Dark Chamber	Rabindra Nath Tagore
Kiratarjuniya	Bharavi
Kitni Navon Main Kitni Bar	S H Vatsyayan
Koraner Nari	Taslima Nasreen
Kore Kagaz	Amrita Pritam
Kulliyat	Ghalib
Kumar Sambhava	Kalidas
Lajja	Taslima Nasreen
Lal Bahadur Shastri	C P Srivastava
Last Phase	Pyare Lal
Law, Lawyers & Judges	H R Bhardwaj
Laws Versus Justice	V R Krishna Iyer
Legacy of a Divided Nation	Prof Mushirul Hasan
Life Divine	Aurobindo Ghosh
Life is Elsewhere	Milan Kundera
Lipika	Rabindranath Tagore
Lost Child	Mulk Raj Anand
Love and Longing in Bombay	Vikram Chandra
Love in A Blue Time	Hanif Khureshi
Love, Truth and A Little Malice	Khushwant Singh
Mahabharata	Vyasa
Malati Madhav	Bhavabhuti
Magnificent Maharaja	K Natwar Singh
Mahatma Gandhi	Girija Kumar Mathur
Malavikagnimitra	Kalidas
Manviya Sanskriti Ke Rachnatmak Aayam	Prof Raghuvansh
Many Worlds	K P S Menon
Mati Matal	Gopinath Mohanty
Meghdoot	Kalidas
Memoris of a Bystander: Life in Diplomacy	lqbal Akhund
Men Who Killed Gandhi	Manohar Malgonkar
Meri Rehen Meri Manzil	Krishna Puri
Midnight’s Children	Salman Rushdie
Million Mutinies Now	V S Naipaul
Missed Oppertunites: Indo-Pak War 1965	Maj-Gen, Lakshman Singh
Mistaken identity	Nayantara Sehgal
Modern South Asia: History, Culture,	Sugata Bose, Ayesha Jalal
Political Economy	Sugata Bose & Ayesha Jalal
Modernity Morality And The Mahatma	Madhuri Santhanam Sondhi
Mondays on Dark Night of Moon	Kirin Narayan
Mookhajjiva Kanasugalu	K Shivram Karanth
Moor’s Last Sigh	Salman Rushdie
Mrinalini	Bankim Chandra Charrerjee
Mritunjaya	Shivaji Sawant
Mrs  Gandhi’s Second Reign	Arun Shourie
Mudra rakshasa	Vishakhadatta
Mughal Maharajas And The Mahatma	K R N Swami
Muslim Law and the Constitution	A M Bhattacharjea
My Days	R K Narayan
My Early Life	M K Gandhi
My Experiment With Truth	M K Gandhi
My Life and Times	V V Giri
My Own Boswell	M Hidayatullah
My India	S Nihal Singh
My Music, My Love	Ravi Shankar
My Presidential Years	Ramaswamy Venkataraman
My Truth	Indira Gandhi
My South Block Years	J N Dixit
My Struggles	E K Nayanar
My Prison Diary	J P Narayan
Naari	Humayun Azad
Naganandan	Harsha Vardhana
Naku Thanthi	D R  Bendre
Nai Duniya Ko Salam & Pathor Ki Dewar	Ali Sardar Jafri
Naivedyam (The Offering)	N  Balamani Amma
Naked Triangle	Balwant Gargi
Nehru Family and Sikhs	Harbans Singh
Netaji-Dead or Alive	Samar Guha
New Dimensions of India’s Foreign Policy	Atal Behari Vajpayee
Nice Guys Finish Second	B K  Nehru
Nisheeth	Uma Shankar Joshi
Niti-Sataka	Bhartrihari
Nirbashita Narir Kabita	Taslima Nasreen
Non-Violence in Peace and War	M K  Gandhi
Nuclear India	G G  Mirchandani and P K S
Nurturing Development	Ismail Serageldin
Odakkuzal	G Shankara Kurup
One-eyed Uncle	Laxmikant Mahapatra
One World to Share	Sridath Ramphal
Operation Bluestar-the True Story	Lt-Gen K S  Brar
Our Films, Their Films	Satyajit Ray
Our India	Minoo Masani
Out of Dust	F D  Karaka
Padmavati	Malik Mohammed Jayasi
Painter of Signs	R K  Narayan
Pakistan in the 20th Century	Lawrence Ziring
Pakistan Papers	Mani Shankar Aiyer
Panchagram	Tarashankar Bandopadhyaya
Panchtantra	Vishnu Sharma
Pakistan Cut to Size	D R  Mankekar
Passage to England	Nirad C  Chaudhuri
Past Forward	G R  Narayanan
Pather Panchali	Bibhuti Bhushan Bandyopadhyaya
Pinjar	Amrita Pritam
Plans for Departure	Nayantara Sehgal
Portrait of India	Ved Mehta
Post Office	Rabindranath Tagore
Prathama Pratishruti	Ashapurna Devi
Prem Pachisi	Prem Chand
Premonitions	P N  Haksar
Price of Partition	Rafiq Zakaria
Prison and Chocolate Cake	Nayantara Sehgal
Prison Diary	Jayaprakash Narayan
Prisoner’s Scrapbook	L K  Advani
Prithviraj Raso	Chand Bardai
Profiles & Letters	K  Natwar Singh
Punjab, The Knights of Falsehood	K P S  Gill
Quest for Conscience	Madhu Dandavate
Radharani	Bankim Chandra Chatterjee
Raghuvamsa	Kalidas
Rajtarangini	Kalhana
Ram Charit Manas	Tulsidas
Ramayana	Maharishi Valmiki (in Sanskrit)
Ramayana Dharshanam	K V  Puttappa
Rangbhoomi	Prem Chand
Rang-e-Shairi	Raghupati Sahai ‘Firaq’ Gorakhpuri
Ratnavali	Harsha Vardhan
Ravi Paar (Across the Ravi)	Gulzar
Rediscovering Gandhi	Yogesh Chadha
Reminiscences of the Nehru Age	M O  Mathai
Return of the Aryans	Bhagwan S  Gidwani
Returning to the Source	Acharya Rajneesh
Revenue Stamp	Amrita Pritam
Rich Like Us	Nayantara Sehgal
Ritu Ka Pehla Phool	Vijendra
Ritu Samhara	Kalidas
River Sutra	Gita Mehta
Road to Freedom	K K  Khullar
Rukh Te Rishi	Harbhajan Singh
Sader-i-Riyasat	Karan Singh
Sardar Patel and Indian Muslims	Rafiq Zakaria
Sakharam Binder	Vijay Tendulkar
Saket	Maithili Sharan Gupta
Satyartha Prakash	Swami Dayanand
Satanic Verses	Salman Rushdie
Savitri	Aurobindo Ghosh
Sceptred Flute	Sarojini Naidu
Scholar Extraordinary	Nirad C  Chaudhuri
Scope of Happiness	Vijayalakshmi Pandit
Search for Home	Sasthi Brata
Sense of Time	S H  Vatsyayan
Seven Summers	Mulk Raj Anand
Tamas	Bhisham Sahni
Tarkash	Javed Akhtar
Tehriq-e-Mujahideen	Dr  Sadiq Hussain
The Assassination	K  Mohandas
The Betrayal of East Pakistan	Lt  Gen  A A K
The Calcutta Chromosome	Amitav Ghosh
The Career & Legend of Vasco de Gama	Sanjay Subramanyam
The Chinese Betrayal	B N  Mullick
The Congress Splits	R P  Rao
The Defeat or Distant Drumbeats	Bhaskar Roy
Unhappy India	Lala Lajpat Rai
Until Darkness	Parvin Ghaffari
Utouchable	Mulk Raj Anand
Urvashi	Ramdhari Singh ‘Dinkar’
Uttar Ramcharita	Bhava Bhuti
Untold Story	Gen B M Kaul
Vanity Fair	Thackeray
Vendor of Sweets	R K Narayan
Venisamhara	Narayana Bhatt
Village by the Sea	Anita Desai
Village	Mulk Raj Anand
Vinay Patrika	Tulsidas
Virangana	Maithili Sharan Gupta
Vish Vriksha	Bankim Chandra Chatterjee
Voice of Conscience	V V  Giri
Voice of Freedom	Nayantara Sehgal
Waiting for the Mahatma	R K  Narayan
Walls of Glass	K A  Abbas
War and No Peace Over Kashmir	Maroof Raza
War of Indian Independence	Vir Savarkar
We, Indians	Khushwant Singh
We, the People	N A  Palkhivala
Widening Divide	Rafiq Zakaria
Wings of fire, an Autobiography	Dr  A P J  Abdul Kalam & A. Tiwari
Witness to History	Prem Bhatia
Without Fear or Favour	Neelam Sanjiva Reddy
Women and Men in My Life	Khushwant Singh
Worshipping False Gods	Arun Shourie
Wreck	Rabindra Nath Tagore
Yajnaseni	Dr  Pratibha Roy
Yama	Mahadevi Verma
Yashodhara	Maithili Sharan Gupta
Yayati	V S  Khandekar
Year of the Vulture	Amita Malik
Years of Pilgrimage	Dr Raja Ramanna
Yesterday and Today	K P S  Menon
Zulfikar Ali Bhutto & Pakistan	Rafi Raza

Anglo Maratha wars

War with Marathas

1. First Anglo Maratha War (1775-82)
2. Second Anglo- Maratha War (1803-1806)
3. Third Anglo-Maratha War (1817-1818)

Anglo-Maratha Treaties

1. Treaty of Surat (1775)
2. Treaty of Purandhar (1776)
3. Treaty of Wadgaon (1779)
4. Treaty of Salbai (1782)
5. Treaty of Bassein (1802)
6. Treaty of Deogaon (1803)
7. Treaty of Surji Arjangaon (1803)
8. Treaty of Rajpurghat(1805)
9. Treaty of Poona (1817)
10. Treaty of Gwalior (1817)
11. Treaty of Mandasor (1818)

Poets in Ancient India in Ancient India

Books and Authors in Ancient India

Inland Fisheries and Aquaculture in India

Inland fisheries resources of India are noted as much for their heterogeneity in composition as for their rich production potential. India is bestowed with vast and varied inland fisheries resources comprising rivers and canals, reservoirs, ponds and tanks, floodplain lakes and wetlands and brackish-waters. Besides, substantial area amenable for coldwater fisheries exists in the medium and higher-altitudes of the Himalayan belt. Inland fisheries including aquaculture have been a vital source of food, nutrition, employment and economic gain for humanity, since ancient times. However, the sector has assumed more significance in recent years, especially in developing countries like India, due to the large contributions to the overall fish production, nutritional security and gainful employment generation.

India is the second largest producer of fish in the world contributing to 5.5 per cent of global fish production. India is also a major producer of fish through aquaculture and ranks second in the world after China. The total fish production achieved during 2010-11 (provisional) is at 8.03 million metric tonnes and the contribution of fish from inland sector alone is at 5.07 million metric tonnes which is about 63% of overall fish production. As per the estimates of Central Statistical Organization (CSO), the values of output from fisheries sector at current price during 2009-10 was 67,913 crore which is 4.9 per cent of the total output of Agriculture and allied sectors. It is one of the major contributors to India’s exports. During 2010-11 (Provisional) the volume of fish and fish products exported was 7,52,791 tonnes worth 12,100 crore.

Aquaculture is the fastest growing food production sector with an annual growth of around 7 per cent. It has been estimated that by the end of XI Five Year Plan (2011-12) the demand for fish and fish products would be around 9.74 million tons, and this increase has to be mostly met from aquaculture and culture based captured fisheries in reservoirs. Taking into consideration the vast aquatic resources in the country, the target seems achievable.

Although, it has long been recognized that fish production from inland waters can play a definite role in mitigating the protein deficiency in India, this resource is not contributing to the nutrition requirement of Indian masses to the extent that it should have been .This has been mainly on account of more emphasis on marine fishery in the past and due to lack of awareness and proper training skills for fishing community.

Recognising the economic, social, nutritional, environmental and aesthetic importance of inland fisheries and aquaculture, the Government through several measures have aspired to introduce buoyancy in the inland fishery sector .Therefore, to draw the economic, social and nutritional benefits from inland fisheries and aquaculture in a sustainable manner, it has been perceived to adopt a judicious combination of implementation and effective regulatory framework, eco-friendly fishing and aquaculture practices with the larger involvement of the fisher communities and fish farmers.

With this objective in mind, the Government recently drafted model guidelines on Inland fisheries and aquaculture, which has been circulated to all State Governments for effective implementation. Through these guidelines, the Government intends to ensure sustainable fish productive to meet the needs of food and nutritional security, generation of gainful employment in rural sector and to improve the socio-economic condition of the target groups.

The Government recognizes the need for availability of quality seed and feed if the growth in inland fish production has to be sustained in the long run. Therefore, the Government circulated guidelines to all the State Governments for establishment of a seed certification and accreditation system in their respective States. These guidelines, inter-alia, provide procedures for accreditation of hatcheries and seed farms, quality benchmarks, seed certification process and the structure of the implementing agency.

It has been observed that inland fishery today is dominated mainly by the freshwater fishery. In order for enhanced production, there is a need for diversification of fish production in other areas like integrated fish farming, cold water fisheries, riverine fisheries, capture fisheries, brackish water fishery etc. The recent measures therefore have targeted Intensive Aquaculture in ponds and tanks through integrated fish farming, carp polyculture, freshwater prawn culture, running water fish culture and development of riverine fisheries. The reservoir fisheries is being promoted through cage culture and pen culture and by setting up fish rearing units on large scale.

The Centrally Sponsored Scheme –“Development of Inland Fisheries and Aquaculture” provide assistance to fish farmers through State Governments, with the objective of developing various components of inland fisheries and aquaculture that include development of freshwater, brackish water, cold water, reservoir fisheries and also to encourage integrated fish farming.

A new mission mode scheme called “National Mission for protein Supplements (NMPS)” was launched very recently with an outlay of Rs 100 crore for undertaking cage and pen culture in reservoirs and for intensive aquaculture in ponds and tanks in 12 identified States with an objective of enhancing the fish production and productivity of reservoirs and ponds and tanks.

All these measures are expected to improve the fisheries and aquaculture sector further and will consolidate the position of India in the Global fish production and aquaculture

Juno leaves for Jupiter

NASA on August 05 launched the billion-dollar solar-powered spacecraft Juno on a five-year journey to Jupiter. The unmanned satellite observatory shot into space aboard a 197-foot-tall (60 metres) Atlas V rocket, blasting off from the Cape Canaveral Air Force Station in Florida at 12:25 p.m.

“Ignition and lift-off on the Atlas V with Juno on a trek to Jupiter, a planetary piece of the puzzle on the beginning of our solar system,” said a NASA television commentator.

Once it arrives in July 2016, the spacecraft will orbit the poles of the gas giant, which has more than twice the mass of all planets in the solar system combined and is believed to be the first planet that took shape around the Sun.

Named after the wife of the Roman god Jupiter, the $1.1 billion spacecraft is NASA's first mission to the planet since Galileo was launched in 1989. It aims for 30 orbits over a period of one year.

Juno will get closer to Jupiter than any other NASA spacecraft has and will be the first to undertake a polar orbit of the planet, said Scott Bolton, Juno principal investigator and scientist at the Southwest Research Institute in San Antonio, Texas. 

“Juno is set up to learn about that early part of the solar system and learn how Jupiter formed and by measuring the ingredients. We are really looking for the recipe of planet formation.”

The orbiter Galileo entered the planet's orbit in 1995 and plunged into Jupiter in 2003, ending its life.

Other NASA spacecraft — including Voyager 1 and 2, Ulysses and New Horizons — have done flybys of the planet.

Juno will spend the first two years of its mission going around the Sun, then return for a flyby of the Earth, which will give a gravitational boost to accelerate the spacecraft on a three-year path toward Jupiter.

When it gets there, Juno — orbiting around 5,000 km (3,100 miles) above the gas giant — will make use of a series of instruments, some of which were provided by European space agency partners in Italy, Belgium, France and Denmark, to learn about the workings of the planet and what is inside.

Two key experiments will gauge how much water is in Jupiter and whether the planet “has a core of heavy elements at the centre, or whether it is just gas all the way down,” Mr. Bolton said at a press briefing last week.

Scientists also hope to learn more about Jupiter's magnetic fields and its Great Red Spot, a storm that has been raging for more than 300 years.

“One of the fundamental questions is how deep are the roots to that red spot? How does it maintain itself for so long?" said Mr. Bolton.

Juno is carrying a few toys as part of a campaign to raise awareness among young people about math and science.

Three 1.5 inch figurines made by LEGO toys are on board — a likeness of the Italian astronomer Galileo Galilei, who discovered four of Jupiter's moons, the Roman god Jupiter, and his wife Juno.

Back in 2003, when plans for Juno were being crafted, NASA briefly considered using some sort of nuclear fuel to power the spacecraft, but engineers decided it would be quicker and less risky to go with solar.

Juno is part of a series of new planetary science missions, to be followed by GRAIL (Gravity Recovery and Interior Laboratory), which is headed to the moon in September, and the Mars Science Laboratory set to take off in November

CIVIL SERVICES TIMES JULY 2011 MAGAZINE

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