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Sunday, May 16, 2010
Saturday, May 15, 2010
Head of Important Offices (International)
Head of Important Offices (International)
Ban Ki-moon Secretary-General, United Nations Organisation
Ms. Asha-Rose Migiro Deputy Secretary-General, UN.
Robert Zoellick President, World Bank.
Dominic Strauss-Kahn Managing Director, International Monetary Fund (IMF)
Irina Bokova Director-General, UNESCO.
Dr. Margaret Chan Director-General, WHO.
Jacques Diouf Director-General, Food and Agricultural Organisation
Juan Somavia Director-General, International Labour Organisation
Ann M. Veneman Executive Director, United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund (UNICEF)
Antonio Guterres UN High Commissioner for Refugees
Helen Clark Administrator, United Nations Development Programme
Dr. Supachai Panitchpakdi Secretary-General, United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD)
Angel Gurria Secretary-General, Oranisation of Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD)
Ms. Rosalyn Higgins President, International Gourt of Justice
Haruhiko Kuroda President, Asian Development Bank
Donald Kaberuka President, African Development Bank
Jacques Rogge President, International Olympic Committee
Kamalesh Sharma Secretary-General, Commonwealth
Muammar Qaddafi Chairman, African Union
Pascal Lamy Director-General, WTO
Ms. Navanethan Pillay High commissioner, UN High Commission for Human Rights
Jerzy Buzek President, European Union
David Morgan President, International Cricket Council
Raul castro Secretary-General, Non-Aligned Movement
Jose Manuel Durao Barroso President, European Commission
Kandeh K. Yumkella Director-General, UNIDO
Abdul-Rahman bin Hamad Al-Attiyah Secretary-General, Gulf Co-operation council
Ekmeleddin Ihanoglu Secretary-General, Organisation of Islamic Conference
Abdallah Salem el-Badri Secretary-General, Organisation of American States
Hifikepunye Pohamba President, South-West African People's Organisation (SWAPO)
Mr. Yukiya Amano director-General, International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)
Jaap de Hoop Scheffer Secretary-General, North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO)
Dr. Abdul Waheed Khan Director, Commonwelath of Learning
Hashim Abdul Halim Chairman, Commonwealth Parliamentary Association
Ms. Thoraya Ahmed Obaid Executive Director, UNFPA
Dr. Surin Pitsuwan Secretary-General, ASEAN
Q.A.M.A. Rahim Secretary-General, SAARC
Lamine Diack President, International Amateur Athletic Federaton (IAAF)
Michael Griffin Chief of NASA (USA)
Ms. Irene Zubaida Khan Secretary-General, Amnesty International
Ban Ki-moon Secretary-General, United Nations Organisation
Ms. Asha-Rose Migiro Deputy Secretary-General, UN.
Robert Zoellick President, World Bank.
Dominic Strauss-Kahn Managing Director, International Monetary Fund (IMF)
Irina Bokova Director-General, UNESCO.
Dr. Margaret Chan Director-General, WHO.
Jacques Diouf Director-General, Food and Agricultural Organisation
Juan Somavia Director-General, International Labour Organisation
Ann M. Veneman Executive Director, United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund (UNICEF)
Antonio Guterres UN High Commissioner for Refugees
Helen Clark Administrator, United Nations Development Programme
Dr. Supachai Panitchpakdi Secretary-General, United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD)
Angel Gurria Secretary-General, Oranisation of Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD)
Ms. Rosalyn Higgins President, International Gourt of Justice
Haruhiko Kuroda President, Asian Development Bank
Donald Kaberuka President, African Development Bank
Jacques Rogge President, International Olympic Committee
Kamalesh Sharma Secretary-General, Commonwealth
Muammar Qaddafi Chairman, African Union
Pascal Lamy Director-General, WTO
Ms. Navanethan Pillay High commissioner, UN High Commission for Human Rights
Jerzy Buzek President, European Union
David Morgan President, International Cricket Council
Raul castro Secretary-General, Non-Aligned Movement
Jose Manuel Durao Barroso President, European Commission
Kandeh K. Yumkella Director-General, UNIDO
Abdul-Rahman bin Hamad Al-Attiyah Secretary-General, Gulf Co-operation council
Ekmeleddin Ihanoglu Secretary-General, Organisation of Islamic Conference
Abdallah Salem el-Badri Secretary-General, Organisation of American States
Hifikepunye Pohamba President, South-West African People's Organisation (SWAPO)
Mr. Yukiya Amano director-General, International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)
Jaap de Hoop Scheffer Secretary-General, North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO)
Dr. Abdul Waheed Khan Director, Commonwelath of Learning
Hashim Abdul Halim Chairman, Commonwealth Parliamentary Association
Ms. Thoraya Ahmed Obaid Executive Director, UNFPA
Dr. Surin Pitsuwan Secretary-General, ASEAN
Q.A.M.A. Rahim Secretary-General, SAARC
Lamine Diack President, International Amateur Athletic Federaton (IAAF)
Michael Griffin Chief of NASA (USA)
Ms. Irene Zubaida Khan Secretary-General, Amnesty International
Current Event National, 2010
Current Event National, Jan 2010
9 Jan The Centre approves the proposal of the US-based soft drinks major PepsiCo to inject additional equity of $200 million (around Rs. 930 crore) into its Indian arm within three years.
10 Jan The Planning Commission constitutes a 25-member expert panel to explore options before the country for a low-carbon economy.
The Asian Development Bank (ADB) sanctions $150 million aid for the Khadi and Village Industries Board (KVIB)
11 Jan Two ballistic flight tests of Astra, the Beyond-Visual-Range Air-to-Air Missile (BVRAAM), are successfully carried out fom the Integrated Test Range (ITR) at Balasore, Orissa.
Prime Minister Dr. Manmohan Singh launches the Jawaharlal Nehru Solar Mission, or "Solar India"
India and Bangladesh Prime Minister Ms. Sheikh Hasina and her Indian counterpart Dr. Manmohan Singh, the pacts are aimed at bolstering Bilateral ties.
12 Jan Seeking to aggressively pursue export of products to China and Japan, the centre announces the inclusion of both the countries in the MarketLinked Focused Programme (MLFP) scheme; the Centre also unleashes incentive worth Rs. crore for exporters, especially those in the labour intensive sectors.
13 Jan The Centre announces a slew of new measures to curb the soaring price of essential commodities.
14 Jan India and France exchange the instruments of ratification of the agreement on civil nuclear energy cooperation, bringing into force the historic Indo-FRance N-deal
The Central Government allows ONGC Videsh to invest $39 million (Rs.1,651 crore) for oil exploration in two deep-sea blocks in Nigeria over the next five years.
15 Jan The millennium's longest (11-Minute) annular solar eclipse covers a swathe of 1000 km in India; the spectacle enthrals millions.
The Central agrees to releas Rs. 12,000 crore in cash to loss-making state-run oil companies to cover for their losses in the 2009-10 fiscal.
16 Jan The Union Ministry of Environment and Forests decides to conduct a vulnerability line mapping along the country's coastline, to ensure the safety of those living close to the coast.
The Centre annoumces that the next assembling centre for the BrahMos missiles will be Rajasthan's Pilani. At present BrahMos missiles are assembled only in Hyderabad.
17 Jan Jyoti Basu, the famous Leftist icon of India, passes away at the age of 95 in Kolkata, West Bengal.
18 Jan The Suprime Court extends to June 30, 2010 the deadline for the Telecom Regulatory Authority of India (TRAI) to fix the tariff for the Direct-to-Home (DTH) platform.
19 Jan At the joint Economic Group (JEG) dialogue held in Beiging (China), India and China agree to work together to bridge the widening trade gap between the two nations.
20 Jan Malaysian Premier Md. Najib Tun Razak visit India; during this visit, India and Malaysia sign an extradition treaty and two two other accords on economic cooperation and higher education.
21 Jan Former Foreign Secretary Mr. Shiv Shankar Menon is appointed as a new National Security Adviser (NSA); he succeeds Mr. M.K. Narayanan.
The Cabinate Committee on Infrastructure accords in-principle approval for the establishment of the National Knowledge Network (NKN) that will interconnect all knowledge institutions of the country.
22 Jan Lt. Gen. Vijay Kumar Singh is appointed the new chief of the Army Staff; he succeeds Gen,Deepak Kapoor.
23 Jan Maldives President Mohamed Nasheed attend and delivers the keynote address at the 16th edition of the India-maldivas Partnership Summit, organised by the Confederation of India Industry (CII) in chennai, Tamil nadu.
24 Jan The second ministerial-level meeting of the BASIC group of nations-Comprising China, India,South Africa and Brazil-is held in New Delhi.
In a milestone, the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) tests its biggest and most powerful rocked motor called the S-200, powered by 200 tonnes of solid propellant. The test is conducted at Sriharikota, Andhra Pradesh.
25 Jan The Civilian Awards for 2010 are announced on the eve of the nation's 61st Republic Daky; in all, the President approves the names of 130 persons for the awards -6 for Padma Vibhushan, 43 for Padma Bhushan and 81 for Padma Shri. The President also approves 442 gallantry awards.
India and South Korea sign four crucial agreement in various sectors; the agreements are signed in New Delhi during the state visit of South Korean Prime Minister Mr,Lee Myung -bak.
26 Jan Hon,ble President Ms. Pratibha Patel confers the gallantruy awards on the recipients on the occasion of the 61st Republic Day; Visiting South Korean Premier Mr.Lee Myung-bak takes part in the Repubic Day celebrations in New Delhi as the chief guest.
27 Jan Seeking to enhance its presence in mineral and oil rich African counries. The agreement is signed in Luanda , Angola.
28 Jan The 2010 Environmental performance Index,released worldwide, places India at the 123rd rank among 163 countries; the list is topped by Iceland.
29 Jan In a move to contain rising inflation, the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) hikes the Cash Reserve Ratio (CRR)-the portion that commercial banks are required to keep with the central bank-by 75 basis points from 5 percent to 5.75 percent.
30 Jan The high-level task force, constitude toset a growth agenda for the development of the micro,small and medium enterprises (MSME) sector, submits its recommemdation to prime Minister Dr.Manmohan Singh.
India submits its emission cut proposals to the UN; in its proposals, India says that it will endeavour to reduce its emission intensity by 20-25 percent by 2020 in comparison to the 2005 levels.
31 Jan In a step that could creat a major socio-political impact in Punjab as well as other parts of the country, Dera Sachkhand Ballan announces a new religion, Ravidassia Dharm; it is also announced that the community will have its own separate religion book, Amrit Bani Guru Ravidass.
International
9 Jan Afghan President Mr.Hamid KarZai submits a new list of Cabinet nominees to replace Ministers rejected
by the nation's parlaiment.
10 Jan Reports reveal that after a 13-month slump, China's exports posted strong growth in December 2009, helping the country surpass germany to become the world's largest exporter.
Mr. Ivo Josipovic is elected the President of croatia.
11 Jan Sri Lanka and India sign a commercial pact in colombo, with India Promising the island nation an assistance of $185 million for the construction of a Railway Line in the War-torn Northern Province of Sri Lanka.
12 Jan Foreign Ministers of Afganistan , Pakistan and host United Arab Emirates (UAE) , along with the reoresentatives of 40 countries, the European Union (EU) and the UN Mision in Afghanistan, hold a crucial security meet in Abu Dhabi.
An earthquake of a catastrophic 7.0 magnitude devastates the Caribbean nation Haiti, killing Lakhs of People and rendering millions homeless.
13 Jan Internet Giant Google threatens to close its operations in china, following a string of vicious cyber attacks on its services.
14 Jan Japan and Germany agree to work together on climate change, nuclear disarmament and rebuilding Afghanistan , during aTokyo visit by german Foreign minister Mr. guido Westerwelle.
15 Jan Russia lifts its opposition to a long-delayed reform of the European Court if Human rights in a major gesture towards the west; the new move will also improve the Russian legal system.
16 Jan The Government of hong Kong approves a controversial $8.6 bollion rail link to China's high-speed rail network.
17 Jan Amnesty international accuses Israel of ''collectively punishing'' the population of the Gaza Strip with border closures.
18 Jan Chilean billionaire Mr. Sebastian Pinera is elected as the nation's President; with his election, the latin American nation Witnesses a political shift to the right to the right after 20 years of leftist rule.
19 Jan Cadbury, the flagbearer of the British Chocolate industry , is acquired by US giant Kraft Foods for $19 billion ; the amalgamation creates a world leader in food and confectionery.
20 Jan In a major setback for US President Mr. Barack obama, Republican Mr.Scott Brown Captures the US Senate seat held by the legendary Democrat Edward Kennedy for neraly half a century.
21 Jan A report released by the Chinese Government reveals that after suffering one of its worst declines in decades, China's econiomy has rebounded strongly, recording 8.7 percent growth in 2009.
22 Jan In a Crucial Development, the Us Supreme Court that labour unions and corporations can spend unlimited amounts to influence federal elections, throwing out a ban that had been in effect for 63 years.
23 Jan A year after the Gaza War, Israel pays the Un $10.5 million as compensation for danaging its offices during an attack by its defence forces.
24 Jan Afghanistan postpones parliamentary elections for four months , saying it will not be safe to hold elections amid a spiralling Taliban Insurgency.
25 Jan Dalai Lama's envoys arrive in Beijing for the resumption of talks with china, Which have been suspended since November 2008 over disagreements on the question of Tibet's autonomy.
26 Jan In a Significant development, the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) says that the Copenhagen Accord, finalised at the Copenhagen Conference in December 2009, is not a legally binding document but merely a political one.
27 Jan Sri Lankan President Mr. Mahinda Rajapaksa is re-elected for a second term; in the presidential elections, he beats former army chief Gen. (Retd.) Sarath Fonseka by a comfortable margin.
The World Economic Forum summit is convened in Davos, Switzerland.
28 Jan Spelling bad news for outsourcing hubs including India, US President Mr. Barack Obama says in his 2010 state of the Union Address that his government will cut tax breaks of companies that outsource jobs to offshore destinations.
29 Jan Microsoft Founder Mr. Bill Gates announces that his foundation will commit $10 billion over the next decade to research and deliver vaccines to the poorest nations of the world.
30 Jan Russia seals a multi- billion dollar package of seals to supply weapons to Lybia, Signalling a return to the strategically important region of North Africa.`
31 Jan Faced with growing discontent over land seizures by the government and real estate developers , china's State Council announces a major overhaul of land laws that will slowthe process of home demolitions and give home owners greater compensations for their land.
FEBRUARY 2010 (National)
1 Feb A report released by the centre shows that continuing with a rising trend for the second consecutive month India's exports registered a 9.3 percent growth in December 2009, while imports also turned positive after posting negative growth for the last 11 months.
2 Feb German President Dr. horst Koehler arrivesin India on a statet visit; during his meeting with Prime Minister Dr. Manmohan Singh, India and Germany decide to setup security and economic cooperation by finalising host of cricial pacts.
3 Feb The Centre Constitutes a high-level committee, headed by justice B.N. SriKrishna, on the Telangana issue, '' to hold wide-ranging consultations with all sections of the people and political parties and groups in Andhra pradesh.
The government- appointed kirit ParikhCommitte recommends complete decontrol of petrol and diesel prices; a hike of Rs.100 per LPG cylinder and an increase of Rs. 6 a litre of Kerosene.
4 Feb India and the UK agree on a text of a civil nuclearcooperation deal that is likely to be signed soon on a convenient date; the agreement is reached in London, UK, in a meeting between British Business Secretary Mr. Peter Mandelson and Visiting Indian Commerce and Industry Minister mr. Anand Sharma.
5 Feb The Ministers of Health and family Welfare and Railways sign an Mou for developing healthcare infrastructutre along the railway network across the country.
Prime Minister Dr. Manmohan Singh inaguurates the Delhi Sustainable Development Summit (DSDS) in New Delhi.
6 Feb The Chief Ministers' Conference on Price Rise is Convened in New Delhi; at the Conference, the government decides to setup a high-profile standing Core Group to suggest measures to tackle price rise.
7 Feb The Chief Ministers' Conference on Internal security is held in New Delhi; Various crucial issues are discussed in the meeting.
Agni-III, the longest- range(3,500km) N-Capable missile in India's arsenal. is successfully test-fired from the Wheeler Island off Orrisa.
International
1 Feb US President Mr. Barack Obama unveils a $3.83 trillion budget in the cingress; the new budget will pour more money into the fight against unemployment, boost taxes on the wealthy , and freeze spending on a numbers of government programmes.
2 Feb Amnesty International appoints Mr. Salil Shetty , an Indian who headed the UN Millennium Mission, as its enxt Secretary General.
The US Government Proposes $3.2 billion in assistance to pakistan in fiscal 2011 , a substantial jump in American aid to that country.
3 Feb Iran announces its readiness to send abroad the bulk of its low-enriched uranium stocks in return for its Tehran research reactor.
4 Feb Russia offers to send narcotics police to Afghanistan to shore up the global fight against drug porduction and trafficking in that country.
5 Feb A Landmark dael batween Northern Ireland's two major political parties,the Democratic Unionist Party (DUP) and Sinn Fein, Removes the last hurdle to granting full autonomy to the province envisaged inthe 1998 Good Friday Agreement thet brought decades of sectarian violence to an end.
6 Feb Resourcehouse , an Australian mining firm, signs a record $60 billion deal to supply coal to energy-hungry China for the next 20 years. it is the biggest ever xeport contract in Australia's history.
7 Feb Iran president Mr. Mahmoud Ahmadinejad orders the cheif of the nuclear progremme to begin higher uranium enrichment , days after the country seemed to have accepted a UN-drafted nuclear deal.
EVENTS
FEBRUARY 20105—Twin blasts in Karachi claim 25 lives. Terrorists target a Shia religious procession and a hospital.
7—India successfully test-fires its indigenous, nuclear-capable Agni-III missile, with a range of over 3,000 km.
13—More than 11 people are killed in a high-intensity bomb explosion at the German bakery at Koregaon Park, Pune. This is the first major terror strike in India after 26/11 strikes in Mumbai.
15—Maoists kill 24 jawans during s daring attack at a police camp at Simplipal in the West Midnapore district of West Bengal.
18—Naxals gun down 11 persons in a village under Jamui district of Bihar.
21—Taliban behead a Sikh in Pakistan for refusing to pay ‘jazia’ (money to protect a non-Muslim community).
24—Railways Budget is presented in the Lok Sabha by Union Railways Minister Mamata Banerjee.
24—Sachin Tendulkar becomes the first cricketer in the world to hit a double century in One-Day format (in ODI against South Africa, played in Gwalior).
26—Finance Minister Pranab Mukherjee presents his fifth Union Budget in the Lok Sabha.
26—Nine Indians are among 18 people killed in a series of attacks by militants in central Kabul, Afghanistan.
27—Earthquake measuring 8.8 on Richter scale hits areas around Santiago, Chile, killing more than 500 people and destroying property worth billions of dollars.
27—Prime Minister Manmohan Singh becomes the first Prime Minister in 28 years to visit Saudi Arabia.
9 Jan The Centre approves the proposal of the US-based soft drinks major PepsiCo to inject additional equity of $200 million (around Rs. 930 crore) into its Indian arm within three years.
10 Jan The Planning Commission constitutes a 25-member expert panel to explore options before the country for a low-carbon economy.
The Asian Development Bank (ADB) sanctions $150 million aid for the Khadi and Village Industries Board (KVIB)
11 Jan Two ballistic flight tests of Astra, the Beyond-Visual-Range Air-to-Air Missile (BVRAAM), are successfully carried out fom the Integrated Test Range (ITR) at Balasore, Orissa.
Prime Minister Dr. Manmohan Singh launches the Jawaharlal Nehru Solar Mission, or "Solar India"
India and Bangladesh Prime Minister Ms. Sheikh Hasina and her Indian counterpart Dr. Manmohan Singh, the pacts are aimed at bolstering Bilateral ties.
12 Jan Seeking to aggressively pursue export of products to China and Japan, the centre announces the inclusion of both the countries in the MarketLinked Focused Programme (MLFP) scheme; the Centre also unleashes incentive worth Rs. crore for exporters, especially those in the labour intensive sectors.
13 Jan The Centre announces a slew of new measures to curb the soaring price of essential commodities.
14 Jan India and France exchange the instruments of ratification of the agreement on civil nuclear energy cooperation, bringing into force the historic Indo-FRance N-deal
The Central Government allows ONGC Videsh to invest $39 million (Rs.1,651 crore) for oil exploration in two deep-sea blocks in Nigeria over the next five years.
15 Jan The millennium's longest (11-Minute) annular solar eclipse covers a swathe of 1000 km in India; the spectacle enthrals millions.
The Central agrees to releas Rs. 12,000 crore in cash to loss-making state-run oil companies to cover for their losses in the 2009-10 fiscal.
16 Jan The Union Ministry of Environment and Forests decides to conduct a vulnerability line mapping along the country's coastline, to ensure the safety of those living close to the coast.
The Centre annoumces that the next assembling centre for the BrahMos missiles will be Rajasthan's Pilani. At present BrahMos missiles are assembled only in Hyderabad.
17 Jan Jyoti Basu, the famous Leftist icon of India, passes away at the age of 95 in Kolkata, West Bengal.
18 Jan The Suprime Court extends to June 30, 2010 the deadline for the Telecom Regulatory Authority of India (TRAI) to fix the tariff for the Direct-to-Home (DTH) platform.
19 Jan At the joint Economic Group (JEG) dialogue held in Beiging (China), India and China agree to work together to bridge the widening trade gap between the two nations.
20 Jan Malaysian Premier Md. Najib Tun Razak visit India; during this visit, India and Malaysia sign an extradition treaty and two two other accords on economic cooperation and higher education.
21 Jan Former Foreign Secretary Mr. Shiv Shankar Menon is appointed as a new National Security Adviser (NSA); he succeeds Mr. M.K. Narayanan.
The Cabinate Committee on Infrastructure accords in-principle approval for the establishment of the National Knowledge Network (NKN) that will interconnect all knowledge institutions of the country.
22 Jan Lt. Gen. Vijay Kumar Singh is appointed the new chief of the Army Staff; he succeeds Gen,Deepak Kapoor.
23 Jan Maldives President Mohamed Nasheed attend and delivers the keynote address at the 16th edition of the India-maldivas Partnership Summit, organised by the Confederation of India Industry (CII) in chennai, Tamil nadu.
24 Jan The second ministerial-level meeting of the BASIC group of nations-Comprising China, India,South Africa and Brazil-is held in New Delhi.
In a milestone, the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) tests its biggest and most powerful rocked motor called the S-200, powered by 200 tonnes of solid propellant. The test is conducted at Sriharikota, Andhra Pradesh.
25 Jan The Civilian Awards for 2010 are announced on the eve of the nation's 61st Republic Daky; in all, the President approves the names of 130 persons for the awards -6 for Padma Vibhushan, 43 for Padma Bhushan and 81 for Padma Shri. The President also approves 442 gallantry awards.
India and South Korea sign four crucial agreement in various sectors; the agreements are signed in New Delhi during the state visit of South Korean Prime Minister Mr,Lee Myung -bak.
26 Jan Hon,ble President Ms. Pratibha Patel confers the gallantruy awards on the recipients on the occasion of the 61st Republic Day; Visiting South Korean Premier Mr.Lee Myung-bak takes part in the Repubic Day celebrations in New Delhi as the chief guest.
27 Jan Seeking to enhance its presence in mineral and oil rich African counries. The agreement is signed in Luanda , Angola.
28 Jan The 2010 Environmental performance Index,released worldwide, places India at the 123rd rank among 163 countries; the list is topped by Iceland.
29 Jan In a move to contain rising inflation, the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) hikes the Cash Reserve Ratio (CRR)-the portion that commercial banks are required to keep with the central bank-by 75 basis points from 5 percent to 5.75 percent.
30 Jan The high-level task force, constitude toset a growth agenda for the development of the micro,small and medium enterprises (MSME) sector, submits its recommemdation to prime Minister Dr.Manmohan Singh.
India submits its emission cut proposals to the UN; in its proposals, India says that it will endeavour to reduce its emission intensity by 20-25 percent by 2020 in comparison to the 2005 levels.
31 Jan In a step that could creat a major socio-political impact in Punjab as well as other parts of the country, Dera Sachkhand Ballan announces a new religion, Ravidassia Dharm; it is also announced that the community will have its own separate religion book, Amrit Bani Guru Ravidass.
International
9 Jan Afghan President Mr.Hamid KarZai submits a new list of Cabinet nominees to replace Ministers rejected
by the nation's parlaiment.
10 Jan Reports reveal that after a 13-month slump, China's exports posted strong growth in December 2009, helping the country surpass germany to become the world's largest exporter.
Mr. Ivo Josipovic is elected the President of croatia.
11 Jan Sri Lanka and India sign a commercial pact in colombo, with India Promising the island nation an assistance of $185 million for the construction of a Railway Line in the War-torn Northern Province of Sri Lanka.
12 Jan Foreign Ministers of Afganistan , Pakistan and host United Arab Emirates (UAE) , along with the reoresentatives of 40 countries, the European Union (EU) and the UN Mision in Afghanistan, hold a crucial security meet in Abu Dhabi.
An earthquake of a catastrophic 7.0 magnitude devastates the Caribbean nation Haiti, killing Lakhs of People and rendering millions homeless.
13 Jan Internet Giant Google threatens to close its operations in china, following a string of vicious cyber attacks on its services.
14 Jan Japan and Germany agree to work together on climate change, nuclear disarmament and rebuilding Afghanistan , during aTokyo visit by german Foreign minister Mr. guido Westerwelle.
15 Jan Russia lifts its opposition to a long-delayed reform of the European Court if Human rights in a major gesture towards the west; the new move will also improve the Russian legal system.
16 Jan The Government of hong Kong approves a controversial $8.6 bollion rail link to China's high-speed rail network.
17 Jan Amnesty international accuses Israel of ''collectively punishing'' the population of the Gaza Strip with border closures.
18 Jan Chilean billionaire Mr. Sebastian Pinera is elected as the nation's President; with his election, the latin American nation Witnesses a political shift to the right to the right after 20 years of leftist rule.
19 Jan Cadbury, the flagbearer of the British Chocolate industry , is acquired by US giant Kraft Foods for $19 billion ; the amalgamation creates a world leader in food and confectionery.
20 Jan In a major setback for US President Mr. Barack obama, Republican Mr.Scott Brown Captures the US Senate seat held by the legendary Democrat Edward Kennedy for neraly half a century.
21 Jan A report released by the Chinese Government reveals that after suffering one of its worst declines in decades, China's econiomy has rebounded strongly, recording 8.7 percent growth in 2009.
22 Jan In a Crucial Development, the Us Supreme Court that labour unions and corporations can spend unlimited amounts to influence federal elections, throwing out a ban that had been in effect for 63 years.
23 Jan A year after the Gaza War, Israel pays the Un $10.5 million as compensation for danaging its offices during an attack by its defence forces.
24 Jan Afghanistan postpones parliamentary elections for four months , saying it will not be safe to hold elections amid a spiralling Taliban Insurgency.
25 Jan Dalai Lama's envoys arrive in Beijing for the resumption of talks with china, Which have been suspended since November 2008 over disagreements on the question of Tibet's autonomy.
26 Jan In a Significant development, the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) says that the Copenhagen Accord, finalised at the Copenhagen Conference in December 2009, is not a legally binding document but merely a political one.
27 Jan Sri Lankan President Mr. Mahinda Rajapaksa is re-elected for a second term; in the presidential elections, he beats former army chief Gen. (Retd.) Sarath Fonseka by a comfortable margin.
The World Economic Forum summit is convened in Davos, Switzerland.
28 Jan Spelling bad news for outsourcing hubs including India, US President Mr. Barack Obama says in his 2010 state of the Union Address that his government will cut tax breaks of companies that outsource jobs to offshore destinations.
29 Jan Microsoft Founder Mr. Bill Gates announces that his foundation will commit $10 billion over the next decade to research and deliver vaccines to the poorest nations of the world.
30 Jan Russia seals a multi- billion dollar package of seals to supply weapons to Lybia, Signalling a return to the strategically important region of North Africa.`
31 Jan Faced with growing discontent over land seizures by the government and real estate developers , china's State Council announces a major overhaul of land laws that will slowthe process of home demolitions and give home owners greater compensations for their land.
FEBRUARY 2010 (National)
1 Feb A report released by the centre shows that continuing with a rising trend for the second consecutive month India's exports registered a 9.3 percent growth in December 2009, while imports also turned positive after posting negative growth for the last 11 months.
2 Feb German President Dr. horst Koehler arrivesin India on a statet visit; during his meeting with Prime Minister Dr. Manmohan Singh, India and Germany decide to setup security and economic cooperation by finalising host of cricial pacts.
3 Feb The Centre Constitutes a high-level committee, headed by justice B.N. SriKrishna, on the Telangana issue, '' to hold wide-ranging consultations with all sections of the people and political parties and groups in Andhra pradesh.
The government- appointed kirit ParikhCommitte recommends complete decontrol of petrol and diesel prices; a hike of Rs.100 per LPG cylinder and an increase of Rs. 6 a litre of Kerosene.
4 Feb India and the UK agree on a text of a civil nuclearcooperation deal that is likely to be signed soon on a convenient date; the agreement is reached in London, UK, in a meeting between British Business Secretary Mr. Peter Mandelson and Visiting Indian Commerce and Industry Minister mr. Anand Sharma.
5 Feb The Ministers of Health and family Welfare and Railways sign an Mou for developing healthcare infrastructutre along the railway network across the country.
Prime Minister Dr. Manmohan Singh inaguurates the Delhi Sustainable Development Summit (DSDS) in New Delhi.
6 Feb The Chief Ministers' Conference on Price Rise is Convened in New Delhi; at the Conference, the government decides to setup a high-profile standing Core Group to suggest measures to tackle price rise.
7 Feb The Chief Ministers' Conference on Internal security is held in New Delhi; Various crucial issues are discussed in the meeting.
Agni-III, the longest- range(3,500km) N-Capable missile in India's arsenal. is successfully test-fired from the Wheeler Island off Orrisa.
International
1 Feb US President Mr. Barack Obama unveils a $3.83 trillion budget in the cingress; the new budget will pour more money into the fight against unemployment, boost taxes on the wealthy , and freeze spending on a numbers of government programmes.
2 Feb Amnesty International appoints Mr. Salil Shetty , an Indian who headed the UN Millennium Mission, as its enxt Secretary General.
The US Government Proposes $3.2 billion in assistance to pakistan in fiscal 2011 , a substantial jump in American aid to that country.
3 Feb Iran announces its readiness to send abroad the bulk of its low-enriched uranium stocks in return for its Tehran research reactor.
4 Feb Russia offers to send narcotics police to Afghanistan to shore up the global fight against drug porduction and trafficking in that country.
5 Feb A Landmark dael batween Northern Ireland's two major political parties,the Democratic Unionist Party (DUP) and Sinn Fein, Removes the last hurdle to granting full autonomy to the province envisaged inthe 1998 Good Friday Agreement thet brought decades of sectarian violence to an end.
6 Feb Resourcehouse , an Australian mining firm, signs a record $60 billion deal to supply coal to energy-hungry China for the next 20 years. it is the biggest ever xeport contract in Australia's history.
7 Feb Iran president Mr. Mahmoud Ahmadinejad orders the cheif of the nuclear progremme to begin higher uranium enrichment , days after the country seemed to have accepted a UN-drafted nuclear deal.
EVENTS
FEBRUARY 20105—Twin blasts in Karachi claim 25 lives. Terrorists target a Shia religious procession and a hospital.
7—India successfully test-fires its indigenous, nuclear-capable Agni-III missile, with a range of over 3,000 km.
13—More than 11 people are killed in a high-intensity bomb explosion at the German bakery at Koregaon Park, Pune. This is the first major terror strike in India after 26/11 strikes in Mumbai.
15—Maoists kill 24 jawans during s daring attack at a police camp at Simplipal in the West Midnapore district of West Bengal.
18—Naxals gun down 11 persons in a village under Jamui district of Bihar.
21—Taliban behead a Sikh in Pakistan for refusing to pay ‘jazia’ (money to protect a non-Muslim community).
24—Railways Budget is presented in the Lok Sabha by Union Railways Minister Mamata Banerjee.
24—Sachin Tendulkar becomes the first cricketer in the world to hit a double century in One-Day format (in ODI against South Africa, played in Gwalior).
26—Finance Minister Pranab Mukherjee presents his fifth Union Budget in the Lok Sabha.
26—Nine Indians are among 18 people killed in a series of attacks by militants in central Kabul, Afghanistan.
27—Earthquake measuring 8.8 on Richter scale hits areas around Santiago, Chile, killing more than 500 people and destroying property worth billions of dollars.
27—Prime Minister Manmohan Singh becomes the first Prime Minister in 28 years to visit Saudi Arabia.
Labels:
CURRENT AFFAIRS
Wednesday, May 12, 2010
CURRENT AFFAIRS 2010
AWARDS
SAARC Environment Award, 2010
Environmentalist Baba Balbir Singh Seechewal has been selected for the award for setting new milestones in the field of environment, especially his initiative on cleaning the Kali Bein rivulet passing through Kapurthala, Punjab.
Saraswati Samman, 2009
“Lafzan Di Dargah”, a poetry collection in Punjabi by Surjit Patar, has been awarded the 19th Saraswati Samman for 2009.
The award, instituted by the K.K. Birla Foundation in 1991, carries an award of Rs 5 lakh, a citation and a plaque. It is recognised as the most prestigious and the highest literary honour in India and is given every year to an outstanding literary work written in an Indian language and published during the last 10 years.
The first recipient of the award was Harivansh Rai Bachchan in 1991 for his autobiography. Other awardees include Marathi playwright Vijay Tendulkar, Oriya writer Manoj Das, Malayalam poetess Balamaniamma, Tamil writer Indira Parthasarathy, Bengali novelist Sunil Gangopadhyay and Urdu literary critic Shamsur Rahman Faruqi.
Oscar Awards, 2010
Best Movie: The Hurt Locker.
Best Director: Kathyrn Bigelow (The Hurt Locker). She has become the first woman director to win the honour.
Best Actor: Jeff Bridges (Crazy Heart).
Best Actress: Sandra Bullock (The Blind Side).
Best Supporting Actress: Mo’Nique.
Best Supporting Actor: Christoph Waltz.
Best Animated Movie: Up
Best Foreign Film: The Secret in Their Eyes (Argentina).
Chameli Devi Jain Award, 2009
The award for an outstanding woman media-person has been shared by Shoma Chaudhary, executive editor of Tehelka, Delhi and Monalisa Changkija, Editor ofNagaland Page, Dimapur.
Mother Teresa Award, 2010
UGC chairman Sukhadeo Thorat has been given the prestigious Mother Teresa Lifetime Achievement Award for 2010. Thorat, who has authored 21 publications, has been instrumental in introducing several academic and administrative reforms in higher education during ongoing XIth plan.
CYBER SPACE
Browse at the speed of light
Scientists from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) have created a new infra-red laser made from germanium that operates at room temperature, which has made light-speed computing come one step closer to reality.
The research removes the cryogenic cooling systems previously needed for infrared lasers and could lead to powerful computer chips that operate at the speed of light.
"Using a germanium laser as a light source, you could communicate at very high data rates at very low power," said Jurgen Michel of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, who developed the new germanium laser. "Eventually, you could have the computing power of today's supercomputers inside a laptop," he said.
The creation of a new laser, even one based on germanium, is not newsworthy; more than 15,000 different lasers, some of which use germanium, have been created since the 1950s.
What makes this particular germanium laser unique is that it creates an infra-red beam at room temperature.
Until now, infra-red germanium lasers required expensive cryogenic cooling systems to operate. The new germanium laser operates at room temperature.
To create the germanium laser, the scientists take a six-inch, silvery-gray disk of silicon and spray it with a thin film of germanium. These same disks are actually used to produce chips in today's computers.
An electrically powered, room-temperature, infrared laser for laptop computers is still years away, however, cautioned Michel. If and when those laptops do arrive, they will be powerful—more powerful in fact than even today's super-computers.
DEFENCE
Super Cruiser BrahMos test-fired successfully
On March 21, 2010, India joined the league of select nations to have a ‘manoeuvrable’ supersonic cruise missile when it successfully test-fired the vertical-launch version of 290-km range BrahMos from a warship in the Bay of Bengal off the Orissa coast.
After the latest test, India has become the first and only country in the world to have a “manoeuvrable supersonic cruise missile in its inventory”.
The test-firing was part of the pre-induction tests by the Navy as moves are afoot to deploy the vertical-launch version of the missile in ships. The weapon system has been designed and developed by the Indo-Russian joint venture company.
All the three Indian Navy’s Talwar class ships, under construction in Russia, have been fitted with vertical launchers and many other ships will also be equipped with them. The Navy had earlier carried out several tests of the BrahMos but most of them had been done from inclined launchers abroad INS Rajput. The missile is already in service with the Navy and its Shivalik class frigates have been equipped with it. BrahMos has also been inducted into the Army.
PERSONS
Koirala, Girija Prasad
Veteran democratic leader of Nepal politics and former Prime Minister of Nepal, he died on March 20, 2010. He was 87. He had the distinction of becoming the Prime Minister of Nepal five times. He had led the peaceful April Uprising in 2006 and abolished the 239-year-old authoritarian royal regime of Nepal.
RESEARCH
World's smallest superconductor developed
Scientists have developed the world's smallest superconductor—less than one nanometre wide—which could be used for making miniature electronic devices. The superconductor, a sheet of four pairs of molecules, provides the first evidence that nano-scale molecular superconducting wires can be fabricated.
Superconducting materials have an electrical resistance of zero, and so can carry large electrical currents without power dissipation or heat generation.
Superconductivity was first discovered in 1911, and until recently, was considered a macroscopic phenomenon. The current finding suggests, however, that it exists at the molecular scale, which opens up a novel route for studying this phenomenon.
CERN scientists recreate how universe began
On March 30, 2010, scientists came a little closer to understanding the Big Bang—the event that created the universe—when they slammed together two streams of sub-atomic particles, moving at very high speed, at an energy level never before achieved in the laboratory.
The collision was orchestrated at around in the world’s largest particle collider, the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva.
The collision sought to recreate—on a vastly reduced scale—the conditions that scientists believe came into being right after the Big Bang. Once analysed, the results could change the way physicists understand the origin and structure of the universe.
When sub-atomic particles slam together at very high speeds, they shatter, leaving behind new elements. Scientists are hoping one of the new elements created by the collision and shattering will be the fabled Higgs boson—popularly called ‘God Particle’—the particle that some theories claim is responsible for the mass of everything in the universe.
The LHC is a 26.6 km circular tube buried nearly 100 meter below the earth’s surface.
Indian scientists have contributed to the Compact Muon Solenoid, one of the ultra-sensitive detectors that scientists at CERN used to monitor and photograph the collision. The TIFR, the Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, Punjab University and Delhi University have all been involved in the project.
Breakthrough in Malaria study
Scientists from India and the US have found what they call an internal “switch” that controls mosquitoes’ immunity to malaria-causing Plasmodium parasites. If scientists can find a way to flip this switch, they could block the spread of malaria from mosquitoes to humans, according to Sanjeev Kumar, lead author of the study and a researcher in the biological sciences group at the Birla Institute of Technology (BITS) in Pilani.
A natural reaction inside the mosquito’s body after it sucks human blood might be responsible for protecting Plasmodium parasites from the natural germ-fighting agents in its stomach, found the scientists. Because of this reaction, the parasites can multiply and spread to humans.
As soon as a mosquito ingests a meal, the blood heads for the gut. Normally, a mosquito has strong anti-germ agents that hunt down and kill any invasive bacteria and parasites. But, the scientists found that, this germ-fighting ability was blocked by a reaction in the mosquito’s body. Once blood reaches the gut, it triggers two proteins, an Immuno-Modulatory Peroxidase (IMPer) and dual oxidase (Duox). These proteins form a protective net-like bag around the blood meal.
The blood—and any parasites it contains—passes through the digestive system unscathed. The parasites multiply and move into the mosquito’s salivary glands, from where they pass into their next human victim.
When the scientists switched off the functioning of the two proteins, the bag didn’t form and all the Plasmodium parasites were killed.
The findings have implications for the study of human immunity. It has been long suspected that a similar reaction is what allows the good bacteria to survive in the stomach.
SPACE RESEARCH
Chandrayaan-I finds deepest crater on moon
Scientists have discovered moon's biggest and deepest crater, some 2,400 km-long and 9 km deep, using data from a NASA instrument that flew aboard India's maiden unmanned lunar mission Chandrayaan-I.
The US space agency's Moon Mineralogy Mapper (M3) detected the enormous crater, the South Pole-Aitken basin, that was created when an asteroid smacked into moon's southern hemisphere shortly after the formation of earth's only natural satellite.
Chandrayaan-I finds ice on moon
The success story of Chandrayaan-I, the maiden Indian moon mission, turned a new chapter with the discovery of ice deposits on the moon by an American payload aboard the spacecraft.
Analysis of data obtained by the Miniature Synthetic Aperture Radar (Mini-SAR) aboardChandrayaan-I spacecraft has provided evidence for the presence of ice deposits near the moon’s North Pole. The Mini-SAR instrument found more than 40 small craters (two to 15 km in diameter) with sub-surface water ice located at their base.
The interior of these craters are permanently shadowed and thus, oblivious to the extreme solar heat found on the moon.
Earlier, the Moon Mineralogy Mapper, another NASA instrument aboard the Indian mission, discovered water molecules in the moon’s polar region. The two pioneering discoveries made by payloads aboard the Chandrayaan-I have arguably made the Indian mission the most successful lunar expedition after the Apollo-11 manned mission to the moon in 1969.
MISCELLANEOUS
Census 2010
The 15th national census exercise, the biggest census ever to be attempted in human history to cover India's 1.2 billion population, began on April 1, 2010 with President Pratibha Patil being the first to be enumerated in the decennial exercise.
The census is the most credible source of information on demography (population characteristics), economic activity, literacy and education, housing and household amenities, urbanisation, fertility and mortality, Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes, language, religion, migration, disability and many other socio-cultural and demographic data since 1872.
Census is the only source of primary data at village, town and ward level. It provides valuable information for planning and formulation of polices for Central and State governments and is widely used by national and international agencies, scholars, business people, industrialists, and many more.
The delimitation/reservation of constituencies -- parliamentary/assembly/panchayats and other local bodies is also done on the basis of the demographic data thrown up by the census. The census is the basis for reviewing the country's progress in the past decade, monitoring the on-going schemes of the government and most importantly, plan for the future.
The slogan of Census 2011 is 'Our Census, Our Future'.
National Population Register
The Union government has given a go-ahead to the creation of National Population Register (NPR), a unique mechanism to record biometric particulars of the entire populace of India. The work on the project will start in April 2010 and is expected to complete by September 2010.
The project would cover an estimated population of 1.2 billion and the total cost of the scheme is Rs 3,539.24 crore. The creation of a digital database with identity details of all individuals, along with their photographs and finger biometrics, will result in the creation of a biometrics based identity system in the country. Once finalised, the NPR database will be sent to the Unique Identification Authority of India (UIDAI) for biometric de-duplication and assigning of a unique identification number. This UID number will be added to the NPR database.
Such a database will enhance the efficacy of providing services to the residents under government schemes and programmes, improve the security scenario and check identity frauds in the country.
Cloud Computing
Most of us who use web-based email services, watch a video online, share snaps using photo-hosting services, read news online or watch TV shows on the internet may not realise that we use ‘cloud computing’ services.
A metaphor for the internet, cloud computing stores data and applications on the internet. Users do not have to invest in hardware (reducing costs considerably) and maintenance experts. They can simply pull up applications when needed and use them like we use utilities, for example electricity. Most players provide these services for free for individual users. For enterprise users, it’s generally a paid subscription-based model.
Major Indian players like Wipro, HCL Technologies, Tata Consultancy Services (TCS), Infosys and Patni offer cloud computing solutions as “software as a service” or SaaS or on-demand computing.
Cloud computing, however, still faces questions within IT about security and the guarantee of uptime for companies which rely on the cloud.
SAARC Environment Award, 2010
Environmentalist Baba Balbir Singh Seechewal has been selected for the award for setting new milestones in the field of environment, especially his initiative on cleaning the Kali Bein rivulet passing through Kapurthala, Punjab.
Saraswati Samman, 2009
“Lafzan Di Dargah”, a poetry collection in Punjabi by Surjit Patar, has been awarded the 19th Saraswati Samman for 2009.
The award, instituted by the K.K. Birla Foundation in 1991, carries an award of Rs 5 lakh, a citation and a plaque. It is recognised as the most prestigious and the highest literary honour in India and is given every year to an outstanding literary work written in an Indian language and published during the last 10 years.
The first recipient of the award was Harivansh Rai Bachchan in 1991 for his autobiography. Other awardees include Marathi playwright Vijay Tendulkar, Oriya writer Manoj Das, Malayalam poetess Balamaniamma, Tamil writer Indira Parthasarathy, Bengali novelist Sunil Gangopadhyay and Urdu literary critic Shamsur Rahman Faruqi.
Oscar Awards, 2010
Best Movie: The Hurt Locker.
Best Director: Kathyrn Bigelow (The Hurt Locker). She has become the first woman director to win the honour.
Best Actor: Jeff Bridges (Crazy Heart).
Best Actress: Sandra Bullock (The Blind Side).
Best Supporting Actress: Mo’Nique.
Best Supporting Actor: Christoph Waltz.
Best Animated Movie: Up
Best Foreign Film: The Secret in Their Eyes (Argentina).
Chameli Devi Jain Award, 2009
The award for an outstanding woman media-person has been shared by Shoma Chaudhary, executive editor of Tehelka, Delhi and Monalisa Changkija, Editor ofNagaland Page, Dimapur.
Mother Teresa Award, 2010
UGC chairman Sukhadeo Thorat has been given the prestigious Mother Teresa Lifetime Achievement Award for 2010. Thorat, who has authored 21 publications, has been instrumental in introducing several academic and administrative reforms in higher education during ongoing XIth plan.
CYBER SPACE
Browse at the speed of light
Scientists from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) have created a new infra-red laser made from germanium that operates at room temperature, which has made light-speed computing come one step closer to reality.
The research removes the cryogenic cooling systems previously needed for infrared lasers and could lead to powerful computer chips that operate at the speed of light.
"Using a germanium laser as a light source, you could communicate at very high data rates at very low power," said Jurgen Michel of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, who developed the new germanium laser. "Eventually, you could have the computing power of today's supercomputers inside a laptop," he said.
The creation of a new laser, even one based on germanium, is not newsworthy; more than 15,000 different lasers, some of which use germanium, have been created since the 1950s.
What makes this particular germanium laser unique is that it creates an infra-red beam at room temperature.
Until now, infra-red germanium lasers required expensive cryogenic cooling systems to operate. The new germanium laser operates at room temperature.
To create the germanium laser, the scientists take a six-inch, silvery-gray disk of silicon and spray it with a thin film of germanium. These same disks are actually used to produce chips in today's computers.
An electrically powered, room-temperature, infrared laser for laptop computers is still years away, however, cautioned Michel. If and when those laptops do arrive, they will be powerful—more powerful in fact than even today's super-computers.
DEFENCE
Super Cruiser BrahMos test-fired successfully
On March 21, 2010, India joined the league of select nations to have a ‘manoeuvrable’ supersonic cruise missile when it successfully test-fired the vertical-launch version of 290-km range BrahMos from a warship in the Bay of Bengal off the Orissa coast.
After the latest test, India has become the first and only country in the world to have a “manoeuvrable supersonic cruise missile in its inventory”.
The test-firing was part of the pre-induction tests by the Navy as moves are afoot to deploy the vertical-launch version of the missile in ships. The weapon system has been designed and developed by the Indo-Russian joint venture company.
All the three Indian Navy’s Talwar class ships, under construction in Russia, have been fitted with vertical launchers and many other ships will also be equipped with them. The Navy had earlier carried out several tests of the BrahMos but most of them had been done from inclined launchers abroad INS Rajput. The missile is already in service with the Navy and its Shivalik class frigates have been equipped with it. BrahMos has also been inducted into the Army.
PERSONS
Koirala, Girija Prasad
Veteran democratic leader of Nepal politics and former Prime Minister of Nepal, he died on March 20, 2010. He was 87. He had the distinction of becoming the Prime Minister of Nepal five times. He had led the peaceful April Uprising in 2006 and abolished the 239-year-old authoritarian royal regime of Nepal.
RESEARCH
World's smallest superconductor developed
Scientists have developed the world's smallest superconductor—less than one nanometre wide—which could be used for making miniature electronic devices. The superconductor, a sheet of four pairs of molecules, provides the first evidence that nano-scale molecular superconducting wires can be fabricated.
Superconducting materials have an electrical resistance of zero, and so can carry large electrical currents without power dissipation or heat generation.
Superconductivity was first discovered in 1911, and until recently, was considered a macroscopic phenomenon. The current finding suggests, however, that it exists at the molecular scale, which opens up a novel route for studying this phenomenon.
CERN scientists recreate how universe began
On March 30, 2010, scientists came a little closer to understanding the Big Bang—the event that created the universe—when they slammed together two streams of sub-atomic particles, moving at very high speed, at an energy level never before achieved in the laboratory.
The collision was orchestrated at around in the world’s largest particle collider, the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva.
The collision sought to recreate—on a vastly reduced scale—the conditions that scientists believe came into being right after the Big Bang. Once analysed, the results could change the way physicists understand the origin and structure of the universe.
When sub-atomic particles slam together at very high speeds, they shatter, leaving behind new elements. Scientists are hoping one of the new elements created by the collision and shattering will be the fabled Higgs boson—popularly called ‘God Particle’—the particle that some theories claim is responsible for the mass of everything in the universe.
The LHC is a 26.6 km circular tube buried nearly 100 meter below the earth’s surface.
Indian scientists have contributed to the Compact Muon Solenoid, one of the ultra-sensitive detectors that scientists at CERN used to monitor and photograph the collision. The TIFR, the Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, Punjab University and Delhi University have all been involved in the project.
Breakthrough in Malaria study
Scientists from India and the US have found what they call an internal “switch” that controls mosquitoes’ immunity to malaria-causing Plasmodium parasites. If scientists can find a way to flip this switch, they could block the spread of malaria from mosquitoes to humans, according to Sanjeev Kumar, lead author of the study and a researcher in the biological sciences group at the Birla Institute of Technology (BITS) in Pilani.
A natural reaction inside the mosquito’s body after it sucks human blood might be responsible for protecting Plasmodium parasites from the natural germ-fighting agents in its stomach, found the scientists. Because of this reaction, the parasites can multiply and spread to humans.
As soon as a mosquito ingests a meal, the blood heads for the gut. Normally, a mosquito has strong anti-germ agents that hunt down and kill any invasive bacteria and parasites. But, the scientists found that, this germ-fighting ability was blocked by a reaction in the mosquito’s body. Once blood reaches the gut, it triggers two proteins, an Immuno-Modulatory Peroxidase (IMPer) and dual oxidase (Duox). These proteins form a protective net-like bag around the blood meal.
The blood—and any parasites it contains—passes through the digestive system unscathed. The parasites multiply and move into the mosquito’s salivary glands, from where they pass into their next human victim.
When the scientists switched off the functioning of the two proteins, the bag didn’t form and all the Plasmodium parasites were killed.
The findings have implications for the study of human immunity. It has been long suspected that a similar reaction is what allows the good bacteria to survive in the stomach.
SPACE RESEARCH
Chandrayaan-I finds deepest crater on moon
Scientists have discovered moon's biggest and deepest crater, some 2,400 km-long and 9 km deep, using data from a NASA instrument that flew aboard India's maiden unmanned lunar mission Chandrayaan-I.
The US space agency's Moon Mineralogy Mapper (M3) detected the enormous crater, the South Pole-Aitken basin, that was created when an asteroid smacked into moon's southern hemisphere shortly after the formation of earth's only natural satellite.
Chandrayaan-I finds ice on moon
The success story of Chandrayaan-I, the maiden Indian moon mission, turned a new chapter with the discovery of ice deposits on the moon by an American payload aboard the spacecraft.
Analysis of data obtained by the Miniature Synthetic Aperture Radar (Mini-SAR) aboardChandrayaan-I spacecraft has provided evidence for the presence of ice deposits near the moon’s North Pole. The Mini-SAR instrument found more than 40 small craters (two to 15 km in diameter) with sub-surface water ice located at their base.
The interior of these craters are permanently shadowed and thus, oblivious to the extreme solar heat found on the moon.
Earlier, the Moon Mineralogy Mapper, another NASA instrument aboard the Indian mission, discovered water molecules in the moon’s polar region. The two pioneering discoveries made by payloads aboard the Chandrayaan-I have arguably made the Indian mission the most successful lunar expedition after the Apollo-11 manned mission to the moon in 1969.
MISCELLANEOUS
Census 2010
The 15th national census exercise, the biggest census ever to be attempted in human history to cover India's 1.2 billion population, began on April 1, 2010 with President Pratibha Patil being the first to be enumerated in the decennial exercise.
The census is the most credible source of information on demography (population characteristics), economic activity, literacy and education, housing and household amenities, urbanisation, fertility and mortality, Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes, language, religion, migration, disability and many other socio-cultural and demographic data since 1872.
Census is the only source of primary data at village, town and ward level. It provides valuable information for planning and formulation of polices for Central and State governments and is widely used by national and international agencies, scholars, business people, industrialists, and many more.
The delimitation/reservation of constituencies -- parliamentary/assembly/panchayats and other local bodies is also done on the basis of the demographic data thrown up by the census. The census is the basis for reviewing the country's progress in the past decade, monitoring the on-going schemes of the government and most importantly, plan for the future.
The slogan of Census 2011 is 'Our Census, Our Future'.
National Population Register
The Union government has given a go-ahead to the creation of National Population Register (NPR), a unique mechanism to record biometric particulars of the entire populace of India. The work on the project will start in April 2010 and is expected to complete by September 2010.
The project would cover an estimated population of 1.2 billion and the total cost of the scheme is Rs 3,539.24 crore. The creation of a digital database with identity details of all individuals, along with their photographs and finger biometrics, will result in the creation of a biometrics based identity system in the country. Once finalised, the NPR database will be sent to the Unique Identification Authority of India (UIDAI) for biometric de-duplication and assigning of a unique identification number. This UID number will be added to the NPR database.
Such a database will enhance the efficacy of providing services to the residents under government schemes and programmes, improve the security scenario and check identity frauds in the country.
Cloud Computing
Most of us who use web-based email services, watch a video online, share snaps using photo-hosting services, read news online or watch TV shows on the internet may not realise that we use ‘cloud computing’ services.
A metaphor for the internet, cloud computing stores data and applications on the internet. Users do not have to invest in hardware (reducing costs considerably) and maintenance experts. They can simply pull up applications when needed and use them like we use utilities, for example electricity. Most players provide these services for free for individual users. For enterprise users, it’s generally a paid subscription-based model.
Major Indian players like Wipro, HCL Technologies, Tata Consultancy Services (TCS), Infosys and Patni offer cloud computing solutions as “software as a service” or SaaS or on-demand computing.
Cloud computing, however, still faces questions within IT about security and the guarantee of uptime for companies which rely on the cloud.
Labels:
CURRENT AFFAIRS
Tuesday, May 11, 2010
ECONOMY
ECONOMY
BANKING SECTOR
1.Money market It refers to borrowing and lending. 2 parts organized and unorganized sector – Organized sector are State Bank, 7 associated banks, 19 Nationalised banks, RRB, Co-operative Banks, Non Governmental sector and other Banks. Unorganized includes the moneylenders and indigenous bankers.
2.Development of Indian Banking: Bank of Hindusthan 1779 was first bank at Calcuttaunder European management-Bank of Bengal 1806 , Bank of Bombay 1840, bank of Madras 1843, were called Presidency banks. 1881- First Bank with limited liability to be managed by Indian Board namely the Oudh Commercial bank- 1894- First purely Indian bank was Punjab National bank- Later Imperial bank 1921 by amalgamating the Presidency banks. RBI created in 1935- nationalized in 1949 – Imperial Bank, renamed as SBI in 1955- 14 Banks (50 crores) nationalized6-96 Banks (2 00crores) nationalized 1980 – N.B.I. merged with P.N.B. in 1993.
3.R.B.I: It has Governor and Board of Directors apart from Central Board 4 local boards. It has following functions: -
Functions:
1.Issue of Notes: followed Minimum Reserve System(MRS) –
200 Crore(115Crore gold+85Crore foreign exchange etc.)
2.Banker , Agent and Adviser to the Govt
3.Banker’s Bank : Banking Regulation Act 1949 - Lender to the last resort.(loan to Commerlised Bank)
4.Controller of Credit & money supply
(i)Quantitative: Bank Rate, open Market operation, statutory Liquidity Ratio (SLR), Cash Reserve Ratio (CRR
(ii)Qualitative (or) Selective: since 1956
1)Rationing of Credit 2)Regulation of Consumer credit
3)Variation in margin requirements.
4)Fixation of maximum limit of Credit given for a Special purpose.
5)Discriminatory interest rates on some special types of advances
5.Custodian of Foreign Reserves: RBI buys & sells the foreign currencies
6.Collecting and publishing the economic data.
7. Buying and selling of Govt. securities and trade bills
8.Representing the Govt in IMF.
9.Giving loans to the Govt to buying and selling of valuable commodities etc.
4.Techniques in credit control:
(a) Quantitative and Qualitative Credit Control – Bank rate - SLR, CRR, open marker operations etc., and variation in margin requirements publicity etc.,
(b)Qualitative or Selective Credit Control 1956 – 3 points -fixing margin requirements- maximum limit of credit and different interest rates.
5.Priority sectors: (a) Houses for slum, credit to formers for purchase, ordinary retailers etc., shall be given priority at least 40% to them (b) Differential rate of interest – less interest 4% rate for weaker sections. It is for those whose income not more than per annum 6400/7200 in Rural and Urban areas- for lands less than – 2.5-acres/1 acre non irrigated and irrigated land respectively. (c) New strategy for rural lending – 1987 service area approach.
6.Mid Term Monetary and credit policy – 2005-2006.
(The Reserve Bank of India in its mid-term review of the Monetary & Credit Policy for the year 2005-06 on Tuesday kept the bank rate unchanged at 6 per cent.However, as expected, in view of the current macroeconomic and over all monetary conditions, the reverse repo rate has been increased by 25 basis points with effect from October 26, 2005 to 5.25 per cent from the current level of 5 per cent. The cash reserve ratio (CRR) kept unchanged at 5 per cent. Accordingly, the fixed repo rate under Liquidity Adjustment Facility would be 6.25 per cent with effect from October 26, 2005
(7) IMD- operated by SBI for NRI – 5 years – different interest rates - loan available.
8.5C Formula for Banks: Challenge, competition, credit, customer and control prescribed by Ministry of Finance
10 Scheduled Banks (i) Paid up capital not less than 5 lakhs and activity will not affect interest of depositors.(ii)It has following facilities:-1.Eligible to get loan from RBI 2.Membership of clearing house 3. get rediscount in exchange bills
(b) Non Scheduled banks – not included in scheduled but to follow CRR conditions but no deposit with RBI and not eligible for loan from RBI.
9)Indian Banks Abroad: Bank of Baroda has the highest with 38 branches and SBI with 22 branches and Bank of India have 18 branches. In U.K. 19 branches and Fiji 9 branches.
10.New Banks in Private Sector:Created from 2000 based on Narasimham Committee – important are UTI, IIBL, ICIC, HDFC and IDBI. Amas Bank is the first private bank established Europe by Indian National in 1994 and Hinduja Group has established it at Geneva – Local Area Banks in private sector allowed by RBI in A.P, Maharashtra and Karnataka.
11. Co-operative Banks: It has 3 tier - state and district primary.
12. Regional Rural Banks (RRB)®1975 established under RRB Act 1976
Capital Source: Central Govt. 50% , State Govt. 15%,
Sponsered Public Sector Commercial Bank 35%
Objectives: 1)Rural Development especially in Remote Rural Areas
2)loan to weaker section (concessional rate of interest) 3)mobilise rural savings
*83% of branches in Rural Areas (except Sikkim)
*since 1987, no new RRB has been opened (Kelkar committee)
increased capital Rs.25 lakh to 1 Crore
1994-95 M.C.Bhandari Committee: to invest NON – SLR surplus fund in profitable areas
1995-96 –K.Basu Committee: Re-organisation of selected RRB’s
Narasimham committee recommended to give more freedom to RRB
13. Committees: 1.Narasimham committee 1991 financial reforms.
b. Goiporria Committee – 1990 – improvement of consumer service in banking
c.Janakiraman Committee – 1992 high-level enquiry on irregularities in securities.
d.J.P.C. Shares scam in 1992. (e) Chandrashekar Committee: 1997 transfer of shares. (f) Pherwani Committee: 1991 established National Stock Exchange.
14.Banking Ombudsman – RBI introduced 1995 – 11 already appointed all except RRB included. Time limit one month.
15) Commercial Banks
A)Scheduled Banks :
1)Listed in 2nd scheduled of RBI Act 1934 2)Paid up capital not less than Rs.5lakhs 3)Any Activity of the bank will not adversely affect the interest of depositors.
B) Facilities: 1)Eligible for obtaining debts/Loans on BR from RBI
2)Membership of clearing house 3)Rediscount of first class exchange bills from RBI
C).Non-Scheduled Banks.: 1.Not listed in the 2nd Schedule2)No. of NSBs are continuously declining 3)CRR condition must be followed
4)Not eligible for having loan from RBI But eligible in Emergency conditions.
D)Nationaliation of Banks : *Jan 1st 1949 - RBI, * 1955-SBI
* July 19th 1969 - 14 large commercial banks whose reserves were more than Rs.50 Crore.
*1980 April 15 – 6 Private Sector banks whose reserves were more than Rs.200crore.]
*1993 the New Bank of India (1980) merged with Punjab National Bank(1969)
*Totally 28banks are nationalised
E)Co-operative Banks (State list)
State co-operatiave banks(SCB) – state level, apex co-operative bank of the stateCaptial Source: Refinance facility from RBI and shares & Loans
Central Co-operative banks(CCB or DCB): District level, Two types
I.Co-operative Banking union: Loans only to PACS
II.Mixed central Co-op Bank : Loans to Both PACS & individuals
Primary agricultural credit Societies(PACS) – Village level
1. Provide short term loan(normally 1 year, Maximum 3years) 2.minimum 10 persons needed for establishment 3.No.of PACSdecreasing 4.Mobilise deposits and savings
16)Some important banking Institutions:
a) IDBI- 1964-To provide financial assistance to industrial enterprises and to promote institutions engaged in industrial development.
b) IFCI: 1948 Act -To arrange medium and long term credit for varuois industrial enterprises- 1993 corpn was converted into a company
c) ICICI: 1955-Developing medium and small industries –2002 merged with ICICI Bank
d) UTI: 1964- Biggest mutual fund- people’s savings and reinvestment. It started UTI bank in 1994 at Ahenmedabad.
Various Funds of UTI: 1) India Fund-1986 (ii) India Growth Fund 1988 (iii) India Access Fund 1997 (iv) India Debt Fund 1997 (v)Master Value- Index Fund 2 in 1998.
e) EXIM bank: 1982- For financing, facilitating and promoting foreign trade in India.
f) NHB: 1988-wholly owned by RBI.Apex institution for housing finance,
BANKING SURVEY POINTS- MOST IMPORTANT
BANKING 1M3 grew by 14 percent – last year 16.6% 2) BANK CREDIT sector increase of 20.4 3)M0GREW 14.1 – LAST YEAR 16.7% 4)Total bank credit increased by 14.2% 5) RIDF_ setup1995 1996 maintained By NABARD _mainobjective to provide loans to state government 6)Kisan credit cards 1998 99-operated through Co-operative bank commercial bank andRRB 414 lakhs cards iissue, 4.35 Crores 7) Finance to self help gropu started in 1992-90% to women group 8) AIFI-iicicimerged with ICICI Bank in march 2002-IDBI Limitedand IDBI Bank merged – working group on development financing headed by N.SATHASIVAM
BANKING SECTOR
1.Money market It refers to borrowing and lending. 2 parts organized and unorganized sector – Organized sector are State Bank, 7 associated banks, 19 Nationalised banks, RRB, Co-operative Banks, Non Governmental sector and other Banks. Unorganized includes the moneylenders and indigenous bankers.
2.Development of Indian Banking: Bank of Hindusthan 1779 was first bank at Calcuttaunder European management-Bank of Bengal 1806 , Bank of Bombay 1840, bank of Madras 1843, were called Presidency banks. 1881- First Bank with limited liability to be managed by Indian Board namely the Oudh Commercial bank- 1894- First purely Indian bank was Punjab National bank- Later Imperial bank 1921 by amalgamating the Presidency banks. RBI created in 1935- nationalized in 1949 – Imperial Bank, renamed as SBI in 1955- 14 Banks (50 crores) nationalized6-96 Banks (2 00crores) nationalized 1980 – N.B.I. merged with P.N.B. in 1993.
3.R.B.I: It has Governor and Board of Directors apart from Central Board 4 local boards. It has following functions: -
Functions:
1.Issue of Notes: followed Minimum Reserve System(MRS) –
200 Crore(115Crore gold+85Crore foreign exchange etc.)
2.Banker , Agent and Adviser to the Govt
3.Banker’s Bank : Banking Regulation Act 1949 - Lender to the last resort.(loan to Commerlised Bank)
4.Controller of Credit & money supply
(i)Quantitative: Bank Rate, open Market operation, statutory Liquidity Ratio (SLR), Cash Reserve Ratio (CRR
(ii)Qualitative (or) Selective: since 1956
1)Rationing of Credit 2)Regulation of Consumer credit
3)Variation in margin requirements.
4)Fixation of maximum limit of Credit given for a Special purpose.
5)Discriminatory interest rates on some special types of advances
5.Custodian of Foreign Reserves: RBI buys & sells the foreign currencies
6.Collecting and publishing the economic data.
7. Buying and selling of Govt. securities and trade bills
8.Representing the Govt in IMF.
9.Giving loans to the Govt to buying and selling of valuable commodities etc.
4.Techniques in credit control:
(a) Quantitative and Qualitative Credit Control – Bank rate - SLR, CRR, open marker operations etc., and variation in margin requirements publicity etc.,
(b)Qualitative or Selective Credit Control 1956 – 3 points -fixing margin requirements- maximum limit of credit and different interest rates.
5.Priority sectors: (a) Houses for slum, credit to formers for purchase, ordinary retailers etc., shall be given priority at least 40% to them (b) Differential rate of interest – less interest 4% rate for weaker sections. It is for those whose income not more than per annum 6400/7200 in Rural and Urban areas- for lands less than – 2.5-acres/1 acre non irrigated and irrigated land respectively. (c) New strategy for rural lending – 1987 service area approach.
6.Mid Term Monetary and credit policy – 2005-2006.
(The Reserve Bank of India in its mid-term review of the Monetary & Credit Policy for the year 2005-06 on Tuesday kept the bank rate unchanged at 6 per cent.However, as expected, in view of the current macroeconomic and over all monetary conditions, the reverse repo rate has been increased by 25 basis points with effect from October 26, 2005 to 5.25 per cent from the current level of 5 per cent. The cash reserve ratio (CRR) kept unchanged at 5 per cent. Accordingly, the fixed repo rate under Liquidity Adjustment Facility would be 6.25 per cent with effect from October 26, 2005
(7) IMD- operated by SBI for NRI – 5 years – different interest rates - loan available.
8.5C Formula for Banks: Challenge, competition, credit, customer and control prescribed by Ministry of Finance
10 Scheduled Banks (i) Paid up capital not less than 5 lakhs and activity will not affect interest of depositors.(ii)It has following facilities:-1.Eligible to get loan from RBI 2.Membership of clearing house 3. get rediscount in exchange bills
(b) Non Scheduled banks – not included in scheduled but to follow CRR conditions but no deposit with RBI and not eligible for loan from RBI.
9)Indian Banks Abroad: Bank of Baroda has the highest with 38 branches and SBI with 22 branches and Bank of India have 18 branches. In U.K. 19 branches and Fiji 9 branches.
10.New Banks in Private Sector:Created from 2000 based on Narasimham Committee – important are UTI, IIBL, ICIC, HDFC and IDBI. Amas Bank is the first private bank established Europe by Indian National in 1994 and Hinduja Group has established it at Geneva – Local Area Banks in private sector allowed by RBI in A.P, Maharashtra and Karnataka.
11. Co-operative Banks: It has 3 tier - state and district primary.
12. Regional Rural Banks (RRB)®1975 established under RRB Act 1976
Capital Source: Central Govt. 50% , State Govt. 15%,
Sponsered Public Sector Commercial Bank 35%
Objectives: 1)Rural Development especially in Remote Rural Areas
2)loan to weaker section (concessional rate of interest) 3)mobilise rural savings
*83% of branches in Rural Areas (except Sikkim)
*since 1987, no new RRB has been opened (Kelkar committee)
increased capital Rs.25 lakh to 1 Crore
1994-95 M.C.Bhandari Committee: to invest NON – SLR surplus fund in profitable areas
1995-96 –K.Basu Committee: Re-organisation of selected RRB’s
Narasimham committee recommended to give more freedom to RRB
13. Committees: 1.Narasimham committee 1991 financial reforms.
b. Goiporria Committee – 1990 – improvement of consumer service in banking
c.Janakiraman Committee – 1992 high-level enquiry on irregularities in securities.
d.J.P.C. Shares scam in 1992. (e) Chandrashekar Committee: 1997 transfer of shares. (f) Pherwani Committee: 1991 established National Stock Exchange.
14.Banking Ombudsman – RBI introduced 1995 – 11 already appointed all except RRB included. Time limit one month.
15) Commercial Banks
A)Scheduled Banks :
1)Listed in 2nd scheduled of RBI Act 1934 2)Paid up capital not less than Rs.5lakhs 3)Any Activity of the bank will not adversely affect the interest of depositors.
B) Facilities: 1)Eligible for obtaining debts/Loans on BR from RBI
2)Membership of clearing house 3)Rediscount of first class exchange bills from RBI
C).Non-Scheduled Banks.: 1.Not listed in the 2nd Schedule2)No. of NSBs are continuously declining 3)CRR condition must be followed
4)Not eligible for having loan from RBI But eligible in Emergency conditions.
D)Nationaliation of Banks : *Jan 1st 1949 - RBI, * 1955-SBI
* July 19th 1969 - 14 large commercial banks whose reserves were more than Rs.50 Crore.
*1980 April 15 – 6 Private Sector banks whose reserves were more than Rs.200crore.]
*1993 the New Bank of India (1980) merged with Punjab National Bank(1969)
*Totally 28banks are nationalised
E)Co-operative Banks (State list)
State co-operatiave banks(SCB) – state level, apex co-operative bank of the stateCaptial Source: Refinance facility from RBI and shares & Loans
Central Co-operative banks(CCB or DCB): District level, Two types
I.Co-operative Banking union: Loans only to PACS
II.Mixed central Co-op Bank : Loans to Both PACS & individuals
Primary agricultural credit Societies(PACS) – Village level
1. Provide short term loan(normally 1 year, Maximum 3years) 2.minimum 10 persons needed for establishment 3.No.of PACSdecreasing 4.Mobilise deposits and savings
16)Some important banking Institutions:
a) IDBI- 1964-To provide financial assistance to industrial enterprises and to promote institutions engaged in industrial development.
b) IFCI: 1948 Act -To arrange medium and long term credit for varuois industrial enterprises- 1993 corpn was converted into a company
c) ICICI: 1955-Developing medium and small industries –2002 merged with ICICI Bank
d) UTI: 1964- Biggest mutual fund- people’s savings and reinvestment. It started UTI bank in 1994 at Ahenmedabad.
Various Funds of UTI: 1) India Fund-1986 (ii) India Growth Fund 1988 (iii) India Access Fund 1997 (iv) India Debt Fund 1997 (v)Master Value- Index Fund 2 in 1998.
e) EXIM bank: 1982- For financing, facilitating and promoting foreign trade in India.
f) NHB: 1988-wholly owned by RBI.Apex institution for housing finance,
BANKING SURVEY POINTS- MOST IMPORTANT
BANKING 1M3 grew by 14 percent – last year 16.6% 2) BANK CREDIT sector increase of 20.4 3)M0GREW 14.1 – LAST YEAR 16.7% 4)Total bank credit increased by 14.2% 5) RIDF_ setup1995 1996 maintained By NABARD _mainobjective to provide loans to state government 6)Kisan credit cards 1998 99-operated through Co-operative bank commercial bank andRRB 414 lakhs cards iissue, 4.35 Crores 7) Finance to self help gropu started in 1992-90% to women group 8) AIFI-iicicimerged with ICICI Bank in march 2002-IDBI Limitedand IDBI Bank merged – working group on development financing headed by N.SATHASIVAM
Labels:
ECONOMY
INDIAN HISTORY
The Indian National Congress:
Formed in 1885 by A.O.Hume, an Englishman and a retired civil servant.
First session in Bombay under W.C.Banerjee in 1885 (72 delegates attended it).
In the first two decades (1885 – 1905), quite moderate in its approach and confided in British justice and generosity.
But the repressive measures of the British gave rise to extremists within Congress like Bipin Chandra Pal, Bal Gangadhar Tilak and Lala Lajpat Rai (Lal, Bal, Pal).
Partition of Bengal:
By Lord Curzon on Oct 16, 1905, through a royal Proclamation, reducing the old province of Bengal in size by creating East Bengal and Assam out of rest of Bengal.
The objective was to set up a communal gulf between Hindus and Muslims.
A mighty upsurge swept the country against the partition. National movement found real expression in the movement against the partition of Bengal in 1905.
Swadeshi Movement (1905):
Lal, Bal, Pal, and Aurobindo Ghosh played the important role.
INC took the Swadeshi call first at the Banaras Session, 1905 presided over by G.K.Gokhale.
Bonfires of foreign goods were conducted at various places.
Formation of Muslim League (1906):
Setup in 1906 under the leadership of Aga Khan, Nawab Salimullah of Dhaka and Nawab Mohsin-ul-Mulk.
It was a loyalist, communal and conservative political organization which supported the partition of Bengal, opposed the Swadeshi movement, demanded special safeguards to its community and a separate electorate for Muslims.
Demand for Swaraj:
In Dec 1906 at Calcutta, the INC under Dadabhai Naoroji adopted 'Swaraj' (Self-govt) as the goal of Indian people.
Surat Session of Indian National Congress (1907):
The INC split into two groups – The extremists and The moderates, at the Surat session in 1907. Extremists were led by Bal, Pal, Lal while the moderates by G.K.Gokhale.
Indian Councils Act or Minto Morley Reforms (1909):
Besides other constitutional measures, it envisaged a separate electorate for Muslims.
Aimed at dividing the nationalist ranks and at rallying the Moderates and the Muslims to the Government's side.
Ghadar Party (1913):
Formed by Lala Hardayal, Taraknath Das and Sohan Singh Bhakna.
HQ was at San Francisco.
Home Rule Movement (1916):
Started by B.G.Tilak(April, 1916) at Poona and Annie Besant and S.Subramania Iyer at Adyar, near Madras (Sept, 1916).
Objective: Self – government for India in the British Empire.
Tilak linked up the question of Swaraj with the demand for the formation of Linguistic States and education in vernacular language. He gave the slogan: Swaraj is my birth right and I will have it.
Lucknow Pact (1916):
Happened following a war between Britain and Turkey leading to anti-British feelings among Muslims.
Both INC and Muslim League concluded this (Congress accepted the separate electorates and both jointly demanded for a representative government and dominion status for the country).
August Declaration (1917):
After the Lucknow Pact, a British policy was announced which aimed at "increasing association of Indians in every branch of the administration for progressive realization of responsible government in India as an integral part of the British empire". This came to be called the August Declaration.
Rowlatt Act (March 18, 1919):
This gave unbridled powers to the govt. to arrest and imprison suspects without trial for two years maximum. This law enabled the Government to suspend the right of Habeas Corpus, which had been the foundation of civil liberties in Britain.
Caused a wave of anger in all sections. It was the first country-wide agitation by Gandhiji and marked the foundation of the Non Cooperation Movement.
Jallianwala Bagh Massacre (April 13, 1919):
People were agitated over the arrest of Dr. Kitchlu and Dr. Satyapal on April 10, 1919.
General O' Dyer fires at people who assembled in the Jallianwala Bagh, Amritsar.
As a result hundreds of men, women and children were killed and thousands injured.
Rabindranath Tagore returned his Knighthood in protest. Sir Shankaran Nair resigned from Viceroy's Executive Council after this.
Hunter Commission was appointed to enquire into it.
On March 13, 1940, Sardar Udham Singh killed O'Dyer when the later was addressing a meeting in Caxton Hall, London.
Khilafat Movement (1920):
Muslims were agitated by the treatment done with Turkey by the British in the treaty that followed the First World War.
Two brothers, Mohd.Ali and Shaukat Ali started this movement.
Non-cooperation Movement (1920):
It was the first mass-based political movement under Gandhiji.
Congress passed the resolution in its Calcutta session in Sept 1920.
Chauri –Chaura Incident (1922):
A mob of people at Chauri – Chaura (near Gorakhpur) clashed with police and burnt 22 policemen on February 5, 1922.
This compelled Gandhiji to withdraw the Non Cooperation movement on Feb.12, 1922.
Simon Commission (1927):
Constituted under John Simon, to review the political situation in India and to introduce further reforms and extension of parliamentary democracy.
Indian leaders opposed the commission, as there were no Indians in it.
The Government used brutal repression and police attacks to break the popular opposition. At Lahore, Lala Lajpat Rai was severely beaten in a lathi-charge. He succumbed to his injuries on Oct.30, 1928.
Lahore Session (1929):
On Dec.19, 1929 under the President ship of J.L.Nehru, the INC, at its Lahore Session, declared Poorna Swaraj (Complete independence) as its ultimate goal.
On Dec.31, 1929, the newly adopted tri-colour flag was unfurled and an.26, 1930 was fixed as the First Independence Day, was to be celebrated every year.
Revolutionary Activities:
The first political murder of a European was committed in 1897 at Poona by the Chapekar brothers, Damodar and Balkishan. Their target was Mr.Rand, President of the Plague Commission, but Lt.Ayerst was accidentally shot.
In 1907, Madam Bhikaiji Cama, a Parsi revolutionary unfurled the flag of India at Stuttgart Congress (of Second international).
In 1908, Khudiram Bose and Prafulla chaki threw a bomb on the carriage of kingford, the unpopular judge of Muzaffapur. Khudiram, Kanhaiyalal Dutt and Satyendranath Bose were hanged. (Alipur Case).
In 1909, M L Dhingra shot dead Col.William Curzon Whyllie, the political advisor of "India Office" in London.
In 1912, Rasbihari Bose and Sachindra Nath Sanyal threw a bomb and Lord Hardinge at Delhi. (Delhi Conspiracy Case).
In Oct, 1924, a meeting of revolutionaries from all parts of India was called at Kanpur. They setup Hindustan Socialist Republic Association/Army (HSRA).
They carried out a dacoity on the Kakori bound train on the Saharanpur-Lucknow railway line on Aug. 9, 1925.
Bhagat Singh, with his colleagues, shot dead Saunders (Asst. S.P. of Lahore, who ordered lathi charge on Lala Lajpat Rai) on Dec.17, 1928.
Then Bhagat Singh and Batukeshwar Dutt threw a bomb in the Central Assembly on Apr 8, 1929. Thus, he, Rajguru and Sukhdev were hanged on March. 23,1931 at Lahore Jall (Lahore Conspiracy Case) and their bodies cremated at Hussainiwala near Ferozepur.
In 1929 only Jatin Das died in Lahore jail after 63 days fast to protest against horrible conditions in jail.
Surya Sen, a revolutionary of Bengal, formed the Indian Republic Army in Bengal. In 1930, he masterminded the raid on Chittagong armoury. He was hanged in 1933.
In 1931, Chandrashekhar Azad shot himself at Alfred Park in Allahabad.
Dandi March (1930):
Also called the Salt Satyagraha.
Along with 78 followers, Gandhiji started his march from Sabarmati Ashram on March 12, 1930 for the small village Dandhi to break the salt law.
He reached the seashore on Apr.6, 1930.
He picked a handful of salt and inaugurated the Civil Disobedience Movement.
First Round Table conference (1930):
It was the first conference arranged between the British and Indians as equals. It was held on Nov.12, 1930 in London to discuss Simon commission.
Boycotted by INC, Muslim League, Hindu Mahasabha, Liberals and some others were there.
Gandhi Irwin Pact (1931):
Moderate Statesman, Sapru, Jaikar and Srinivas Shastri initiated efforts to break the ice between Gandhiji and the government.
The two (government represented by Irwin and INC by Gandhiji) signed a pact on March 5, 1931.
In this the INC called off the civil disobedience movement and agreed to join the second round table conference.
The government on its part released the political prisoners and conceded the right to make salt for consumption for villages along the coast.
Second Round Table Conference (1931):
Gandhiji represented the INC and went to London to meet British P.M. Ramsay Macdonald.
However, the session was soon deadlocked on the minorities issue and this time separate electorates was demanded not only by Muslims but also by Depressed Classes, Indian Christians and Anglo – Indians.
The Communal Award (Aug 16,1932):
Announced by Ramsay McDonald. It showed divide and rule policy of the British.
Envisaged representation of Muslims, Sikhs, Indian Christians, Anglo Indians, women and even Backward classes.
Gandhiji, who was in Yeravada jail at that time, started a fast unto death against it.
Poona Pact (September 25, 1932):
After the announcement of communal award and subsequent fast of Gandhiji, mass meeting took place almost everywhere.
Political leaders like Madan Mohan Malviya, B.R.Ambedkar and M.C.Rajah became active.
Eventually Poona pact was reached and Gandhiji broke his fact on the sixth day (Sept 25, 1932).
In this, the idea of separate electorate for the depressed classes was abandoned, but seats reserved to them in the provincial legislature were increased.
Third Round Table Conference (1932):
Proved fruitless as most of the national leaders were in prison. The discussions led to the passing of the Government of India Act, 1935.
Demand For Pakistan:
In 1930, Iqbal suggested that the Frontier Province, Baluchistan, Sindh and Kashmir be made the Muslim State within the federation.
Chaudhary Rehmat Ali gave the term Pakistan in 1923.
Mohd. Ali Jinnah of Bombay gave it practicality.
Muslim League first passed the proposal of separate Pakistan in its Lahore session in 1940.
The Cripps Mission – 1942:
In Dec. 1941, Japan entered the World War – II and advanced towards Indian borders. By March 7, 1942, Rangoon fell and Japan occupied the entire S E Asia.
The British govt. with a view to getting co-operation from Indians sent Sir Stafford Cripps, leader of the House of Commons to settle terms with the Indian leaders.
He offered a draft which proposed dominion status to be granted after the war.
Rejected by the Congress as it didn't want to rely upon future promises.
Gandhiji termed it as a post dated cheque in a crashing bank.
The Revolt of 1942 & The Quit India Movement:
Called the Vardha Proposal and Leaderless Revolt.
The resolution was passed on Aug.8, 1942, at Bombay. Gandhiji gave the slogan 'Do or Die'.
On Aug 9, the Congress was banned and its important leaders were arrested.
The arrests provoked indignation among the masses and, there being no program of action, the movement became spontaneous and violent. Violence spread throughout the country.
The movement was however crushed.
The Indian National Army:
Founded by Rasbehari Bose with Captain Mohan Singh.
S.C.Bose secretly escaped from India in Jain 1941, and reached Berlin. In July 1943, he joined the INA at Singapore. There, Rasbehari Bose handed over the leadership to him.
The soldiers were mostly raised from Indian soldiers of the British army who had been taken prisoners by the Japanese after they conquered asia.
Two INA head quarters were Rangoon and Singapore (formed in Singapore).
INA had three fighting brigades named after Gandhiji, Azad and Nehru. Rani Jhansi Brigade was an exclusive women force.
The Cabinet Mission Plan (1946):
The struggle for freedom entered a decisive phase in the year 1945-46. The new Labour Party PM.Lord Attlee, made a declaration on March 15, 1946, that British Cabinet Mission (comprising of Lord Pethick Lawrence as Chairman, Sir Stafford Cripps and A.V.Alexander) will visit India.
The mission held talks with the INC and ML to bring about acceptance of their proposals.
On May 16, 1946, the mission put towards its proposals. It rejected the demand for separate Pakistan and instead a federal union consisting of British India and the Princely States was suggested.
Both Congress and Muslims League accepted it.
Formation of Interim Government (Sept 2, 1946):
Based on Cabinet Mission Plan, an interim government consisting of Congress nominees was formed on Sept.2, 1946. J.L.Nehru was its Vice-President and the Governor-General remained as its President.
Jinnah's Direct Action Resolution (Aug 16, 1946):
Jinnah was alarmed at the results of the elections because the Muslim League was in danger of being totally eclipsed in the constituent assembly.
Therefore, Muslim League withdrew its acceptance of the Cabinet Mission Plan on July 29, 1946.
It passed a 'Direct action' resolution, which condemned both the British Government and the Congress (Aug 16, 1946). It resulted in heavy communal riots.
Jinnah celebrated Pakistan Day on Mar 27, 1947.
Formation of Constituent Assembly (Dec 9, 1946):
The Constituent assembly met on Dec 9, 1946 and Dr.Rajendra Prasad was elected as its president.
Mountbatten Plan (June 3, 1947):
On June 3, 1947, Lord Mountbatten put forward his plan which outlined the steps for the solution of India's political problem. The outlines of the Plan were:
India to be divided into India and Pakistan.
Bengal and Punjab will be partitioned and a referendum in NEFP and Sylhet district of Assam would be held.
There would be a separate constitutional assembly for Pakistan to frame its constitution.
The Princely states would enjoy the liberty to join either India or Pakistan or even remain independent.
Aug.15, 1947 was the date fixed for handing over power to India and Pakistan.
The British govt. passed the Indian Independence Act of 1947 in July 1947, which contained the major provisions put forward by the Mountbatten plan.
Partition and Independence (Aug 1947):
All political parties accepted the Mountbatten plan.
At the time of independence, there were 562 small and big Princely States in India.
Sardar Vallabh Bhai Patel, the first home minister, used iron hand in this regard. By August 15, 1947, all the States, with a few exceptions like Kashmir, Hyderabad and Junagarh had signed the Instrument of Accession. Goa was with the Portuguese and Pondicherry with the French.
Formed in 1885 by A.O.Hume, an Englishman and a retired civil servant.
First session in Bombay under W.C.Banerjee in 1885 (72 delegates attended it).
In the first two decades (1885 – 1905), quite moderate in its approach and confided in British justice and generosity.
But the repressive measures of the British gave rise to extremists within Congress like Bipin Chandra Pal, Bal Gangadhar Tilak and Lala Lajpat Rai (Lal, Bal, Pal).
Partition of Bengal:
By Lord Curzon on Oct 16, 1905, through a royal Proclamation, reducing the old province of Bengal in size by creating East Bengal and Assam out of rest of Bengal.
The objective was to set up a communal gulf between Hindus and Muslims.
A mighty upsurge swept the country against the partition. National movement found real expression in the movement against the partition of Bengal in 1905.
Swadeshi Movement (1905):
Lal, Bal, Pal, and Aurobindo Ghosh played the important role.
INC took the Swadeshi call first at the Banaras Session, 1905 presided over by G.K.Gokhale.
Bonfires of foreign goods were conducted at various places.
Formation of Muslim League (1906):
Setup in 1906 under the leadership of Aga Khan, Nawab Salimullah of Dhaka and Nawab Mohsin-ul-Mulk.
It was a loyalist, communal and conservative political organization which supported the partition of Bengal, opposed the Swadeshi movement, demanded special safeguards to its community and a separate electorate for Muslims.
Demand for Swaraj:
In Dec 1906 at Calcutta, the INC under Dadabhai Naoroji adopted 'Swaraj' (Self-govt) as the goal of Indian people.
Surat Session of Indian National Congress (1907):
The INC split into two groups – The extremists and The moderates, at the Surat session in 1907. Extremists were led by Bal, Pal, Lal while the moderates by G.K.Gokhale.
Indian Councils Act or Minto Morley Reforms (1909):
Besides other constitutional measures, it envisaged a separate electorate for Muslims.
Aimed at dividing the nationalist ranks and at rallying the Moderates and the Muslims to the Government's side.
Ghadar Party (1913):
Formed by Lala Hardayal, Taraknath Das and Sohan Singh Bhakna.
HQ was at San Francisco.
Home Rule Movement (1916):
Started by B.G.Tilak(April, 1916) at Poona and Annie Besant and S.Subramania Iyer at Adyar, near Madras (Sept, 1916).
Objective: Self – government for India in the British Empire.
Tilak linked up the question of Swaraj with the demand for the formation of Linguistic States and education in vernacular language. He gave the slogan: Swaraj is my birth right and I will have it.
Lucknow Pact (1916):
Happened following a war between Britain and Turkey leading to anti-British feelings among Muslims.
Both INC and Muslim League concluded this (Congress accepted the separate electorates and both jointly demanded for a representative government and dominion status for the country).
August Declaration (1917):
After the Lucknow Pact, a British policy was announced which aimed at "increasing association of Indians in every branch of the administration for progressive realization of responsible government in India as an integral part of the British empire". This came to be called the August Declaration.
Rowlatt Act (March 18, 1919):
This gave unbridled powers to the govt. to arrest and imprison suspects without trial for two years maximum. This law enabled the Government to suspend the right of Habeas Corpus, which had been the foundation of civil liberties in Britain.
Caused a wave of anger in all sections. It was the first country-wide agitation by Gandhiji and marked the foundation of the Non Cooperation Movement.
Jallianwala Bagh Massacre (April 13, 1919):
People were agitated over the arrest of Dr. Kitchlu and Dr. Satyapal on April 10, 1919.
General O' Dyer fires at people who assembled in the Jallianwala Bagh, Amritsar.
As a result hundreds of men, women and children were killed and thousands injured.
Rabindranath Tagore returned his Knighthood in protest. Sir Shankaran Nair resigned from Viceroy's Executive Council after this.
Hunter Commission was appointed to enquire into it.
On March 13, 1940, Sardar Udham Singh killed O'Dyer when the later was addressing a meeting in Caxton Hall, London.
Khilafat Movement (1920):
Muslims were agitated by the treatment done with Turkey by the British in the treaty that followed the First World War.
Two brothers, Mohd.Ali and Shaukat Ali started this movement.
Non-cooperation Movement (1920):
It was the first mass-based political movement under Gandhiji.
Congress passed the resolution in its Calcutta session in Sept 1920.
Chauri –Chaura Incident (1922):
A mob of people at Chauri – Chaura (near Gorakhpur) clashed with police and burnt 22 policemen on February 5, 1922.
This compelled Gandhiji to withdraw the Non Cooperation movement on Feb.12, 1922.
Simon Commission (1927):
Constituted under John Simon, to review the political situation in India and to introduce further reforms and extension of parliamentary democracy.
Indian leaders opposed the commission, as there were no Indians in it.
The Government used brutal repression and police attacks to break the popular opposition. At Lahore, Lala Lajpat Rai was severely beaten in a lathi-charge. He succumbed to his injuries on Oct.30, 1928.
Lahore Session (1929):
On Dec.19, 1929 under the President ship of J.L.Nehru, the INC, at its Lahore Session, declared Poorna Swaraj (Complete independence) as its ultimate goal.
On Dec.31, 1929, the newly adopted tri-colour flag was unfurled and an.26, 1930 was fixed as the First Independence Day, was to be celebrated every year.
Revolutionary Activities:
The first political murder of a European was committed in 1897 at Poona by the Chapekar brothers, Damodar and Balkishan. Their target was Mr.Rand, President of the Plague Commission, but Lt.Ayerst was accidentally shot.
In 1907, Madam Bhikaiji Cama, a Parsi revolutionary unfurled the flag of India at Stuttgart Congress (of Second international).
In 1908, Khudiram Bose and Prafulla chaki threw a bomb on the carriage of kingford, the unpopular judge of Muzaffapur. Khudiram, Kanhaiyalal Dutt and Satyendranath Bose were hanged. (Alipur Case).
In 1909, M L Dhingra shot dead Col.William Curzon Whyllie, the political advisor of "India Office" in London.
In 1912, Rasbihari Bose and Sachindra Nath Sanyal threw a bomb and Lord Hardinge at Delhi. (Delhi Conspiracy Case).
In Oct, 1924, a meeting of revolutionaries from all parts of India was called at Kanpur. They setup Hindustan Socialist Republic Association/Army (HSRA).
They carried out a dacoity on the Kakori bound train on the Saharanpur-Lucknow railway line on Aug. 9, 1925.
Bhagat Singh, with his colleagues, shot dead Saunders (Asst. S.P. of Lahore, who ordered lathi charge on Lala Lajpat Rai) on Dec.17, 1928.
Then Bhagat Singh and Batukeshwar Dutt threw a bomb in the Central Assembly on Apr 8, 1929. Thus, he, Rajguru and Sukhdev were hanged on March. 23,1931 at Lahore Jall (Lahore Conspiracy Case) and their bodies cremated at Hussainiwala near Ferozepur.
In 1929 only Jatin Das died in Lahore jail after 63 days fast to protest against horrible conditions in jail.
Surya Sen, a revolutionary of Bengal, formed the Indian Republic Army in Bengal. In 1930, he masterminded the raid on Chittagong armoury. He was hanged in 1933.
In 1931, Chandrashekhar Azad shot himself at Alfred Park in Allahabad.
Dandi March (1930):
Also called the Salt Satyagraha.
Along with 78 followers, Gandhiji started his march from Sabarmati Ashram on March 12, 1930 for the small village Dandhi to break the salt law.
He reached the seashore on Apr.6, 1930.
He picked a handful of salt and inaugurated the Civil Disobedience Movement.
First Round Table conference (1930):
It was the first conference arranged between the British and Indians as equals. It was held on Nov.12, 1930 in London to discuss Simon commission.
Boycotted by INC, Muslim League, Hindu Mahasabha, Liberals and some others were there.
Gandhi Irwin Pact (1931):
Moderate Statesman, Sapru, Jaikar and Srinivas Shastri initiated efforts to break the ice between Gandhiji and the government.
The two (government represented by Irwin and INC by Gandhiji) signed a pact on March 5, 1931.
In this the INC called off the civil disobedience movement and agreed to join the second round table conference.
The government on its part released the political prisoners and conceded the right to make salt for consumption for villages along the coast.
Second Round Table Conference (1931):
Gandhiji represented the INC and went to London to meet British P.M. Ramsay Macdonald.
However, the session was soon deadlocked on the minorities issue and this time separate electorates was demanded not only by Muslims but also by Depressed Classes, Indian Christians and Anglo – Indians.
The Communal Award (Aug 16,1932):
Announced by Ramsay McDonald. It showed divide and rule policy of the British.
Envisaged representation of Muslims, Sikhs, Indian Christians, Anglo Indians, women and even Backward classes.
Gandhiji, who was in Yeravada jail at that time, started a fast unto death against it.
Poona Pact (September 25, 1932):
After the announcement of communal award and subsequent fast of Gandhiji, mass meeting took place almost everywhere.
Political leaders like Madan Mohan Malviya, B.R.Ambedkar and M.C.Rajah became active.
Eventually Poona pact was reached and Gandhiji broke his fact on the sixth day (Sept 25, 1932).
In this, the idea of separate electorate for the depressed classes was abandoned, but seats reserved to them in the provincial legislature were increased.
Third Round Table Conference (1932):
Proved fruitless as most of the national leaders were in prison. The discussions led to the passing of the Government of India Act, 1935.
Demand For Pakistan:
In 1930, Iqbal suggested that the Frontier Province, Baluchistan, Sindh and Kashmir be made the Muslim State within the federation.
Chaudhary Rehmat Ali gave the term Pakistan in 1923.
Mohd. Ali Jinnah of Bombay gave it practicality.
Muslim League first passed the proposal of separate Pakistan in its Lahore session in 1940.
The Cripps Mission – 1942:
In Dec. 1941, Japan entered the World War – II and advanced towards Indian borders. By March 7, 1942, Rangoon fell and Japan occupied the entire S E Asia.
The British govt. with a view to getting co-operation from Indians sent Sir Stafford Cripps, leader of the House of Commons to settle terms with the Indian leaders.
He offered a draft which proposed dominion status to be granted after the war.
Rejected by the Congress as it didn't want to rely upon future promises.
Gandhiji termed it as a post dated cheque in a crashing bank.
The Revolt of 1942 & The Quit India Movement:
Called the Vardha Proposal and Leaderless Revolt.
The resolution was passed on Aug.8, 1942, at Bombay. Gandhiji gave the slogan 'Do or Die'.
On Aug 9, the Congress was banned and its important leaders were arrested.
The arrests provoked indignation among the masses and, there being no program of action, the movement became spontaneous and violent. Violence spread throughout the country.
The movement was however crushed.
The Indian National Army:
Founded by Rasbehari Bose with Captain Mohan Singh.
S.C.Bose secretly escaped from India in Jain 1941, and reached Berlin. In July 1943, he joined the INA at Singapore. There, Rasbehari Bose handed over the leadership to him.
The soldiers were mostly raised from Indian soldiers of the British army who had been taken prisoners by the Japanese after they conquered asia.
Two INA head quarters were Rangoon and Singapore (formed in Singapore).
INA had three fighting brigades named after Gandhiji, Azad and Nehru. Rani Jhansi Brigade was an exclusive women force.
The Cabinet Mission Plan (1946):
The struggle for freedom entered a decisive phase in the year 1945-46. The new Labour Party PM.Lord Attlee, made a declaration on March 15, 1946, that British Cabinet Mission (comprising of Lord Pethick Lawrence as Chairman, Sir Stafford Cripps and A.V.Alexander) will visit India.
The mission held talks with the INC and ML to bring about acceptance of their proposals.
On May 16, 1946, the mission put towards its proposals. It rejected the demand for separate Pakistan and instead a federal union consisting of British India and the Princely States was suggested.
Both Congress and Muslims League accepted it.
Formation of Interim Government (Sept 2, 1946):
Based on Cabinet Mission Plan, an interim government consisting of Congress nominees was formed on Sept.2, 1946. J.L.Nehru was its Vice-President and the Governor-General remained as its President.
Jinnah's Direct Action Resolution (Aug 16, 1946):
Jinnah was alarmed at the results of the elections because the Muslim League was in danger of being totally eclipsed in the constituent assembly.
Therefore, Muslim League withdrew its acceptance of the Cabinet Mission Plan on July 29, 1946.
It passed a 'Direct action' resolution, which condemned both the British Government and the Congress (Aug 16, 1946). It resulted in heavy communal riots.
Jinnah celebrated Pakistan Day on Mar 27, 1947.
Formation of Constituent Assembly (Dec 9, 1946):
The Constituent assembly met on Dec 9, 1946 and Dr.Rajendra Prasad was elected as its president.
Mountbatten Plan (June 3, 1947):
On June 3, 1947, Lord Mountbatten put forward his plan which outlined the steps for the solution of India's political problem. The outlines of the Plan were:
India to be divided into India and Pakistan.
Bengal and Punjab will be partitioned and a referendum in NEFP and Sylhet district of Assam would be held.
There would be a separate constitutional assembly for Pakistan to frame its constitution.
The Princely states would enjoy the liberty to join either India or Pakistan or even remain independent.
Aug.15, 1947 was the date fixed for handing over power to India and Pakistan.
The British govt. passed the Indian Independence Act of 1947 in July 1947, which contained the major provisions put forward by the Mountbatten plan.
Partition and Independence (Aug 1947):
All political parties accepted the Mountbatten plan.
At the time of independence, there were 562 small and big Princely States in India.
Sardar Vallabh Bhai Patel, the first home minister, used iron hand in this regard. By August 15, 1947, all the States, with a few exceptions like Kashmir, Hyderabad and Junagarh had signed the Instrument of Accession. Goa was with the Portuguese and Pondicherry with the French.
Labels:
HISTORY
CURRENT AFFAIRS
International Current Affairs 2010
Belgium became the Europe’s first country to ban burqa.
Pakistan’s National assembly passed a bill that takes away the President’s power to dissolve parliament, dismiss a elected government and appoint the three services Chiefs. Pakistan’s parliament passes 18th amendment which was later signed by Presient cutting President’s powers.
USA and Russia signed Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty(START) that allowed a maximum of 1550 deployed overheads, about 30% lower than a limit set in 2002. The treaty was signed in the Progue Castle.
Emergency was imposed in Thailand.
Nuclear Security Summit held at Washington.It was a 47 nation summit wherein P.M. announced setting up of a global nuclear energy centre for conducting research & development of design systems that are secure, proliferation resistant & sustainable.
PM visit USA & Brazil, a two nation tour. He attended Nuclear Security Summit in USA & India- Brazil-S.Africa(IBSA) and Brazil-Russia-India-China(BRIC) summit in Brasilia (Brazil).
16th SAARC Summit held in Bhutan in 28-29 April. The summit was held in Bhutan for the first time. It is the silver jubilee summit as SAARC has completed 25 years. The summit central theme was ‘Climate Change’. The summit recommended to declare 2010-2020 as the “Decade of Intra-regional Connectivity in SAARC”. The 17th SAARC summit will be held in Maldives in 2011.
National Current Affairs 2010
Naxals killed about 75 CRPF personal at Chintalnar-Tarmetla village in Dantewada distt ,Chhattisgarh. Government appoint E.N. Rammohan, to probe the incident.
Uninque Identification Authority of India (UIDAI) now known as Aadhaar. It’s Chairman is Nandan Nilekani. It will assign 16 digit identification number to all residents in India.
NTRO- National Technical Research Organisation. The organization came to limelight after allegation of phone tapping of politicians.
Indian navy commissioned India’s first indigenously built stealth warship ‘ INS Shivalik’. The other stealth warship to be built are named as ‘INS Sahyadri’ and INS Satpura’.
Right To Education Act is notified and will become a legally enforceable from 1 April 2010. Key features of RTE Act are : All children in 6-14 age group must get free and compulsory eduction; No child shall be held back,expelled or required to pass a board examination till Class VIII; There must be 25 % reservation for poor children even in private & minority schools; There must be one teacher for every 30 students; A child rights commission will look into violations of the RTE law.
Govt start Census 2011. It is the 15th Census. It is in two phase. The first phase is called –House listing & Housing Census and the second phase is called decadal headcount which will be held in Feb 2011. The Registrar General of India is C Chandramouli.
Sports Current Affairs 2010
IPL3 season won by Chennai Super Kings defeating Mumbai Indians.
Youth Olympics Games 2010 to be held in Singapore in Aug 2010.
World Youth Championship was held at Baku, Azerbaijan.
Lawn tennis legend Martina Navratilova diagnosed with Breast Cancer.
‘Jumbo’ chosen as 2011 World Cricket Cup Mascot.
World Kabbadi Cup 2010- India defeated Pakistan to won World Cup Kabbadi 2010 held at Ludhiana.
Pankaj Advani won the Asian Billiards Championship defeating Singapore’s Peter Gilchrist for the consecutive third time.
Badminton Asia Championship, Delhi :
Men’s singles – Lin Dan defeated Wang Zhenguing
Women’s singles-Li Xiurei defeated Liu Xin.
Awards Current Affairs 2010
19Th Bihari Puraskar 2009 has been awarded to Hemant Shesh for his collection of poetry ‘Jagah Jaisi Jagah’.
2010 Commonwealth Writers Prize for the best first Book was awarded to Glenda Guest for the novel ‘Siddon Rock’. Rana Dasgupta won Commonwealth Writers Prize for best Book 2010 for book ‘Solo’.
Carl Zeiss wildlife conservation award was won by Joydip Kundu.
Amitav Ghosh won the Dan David Prize alongwith Margaret Atwood for ‘Rendition of the 2oth century’.
Economics & Commerce
India became the 7th largest shareholder in World Bank. India’s voting rights has gone up to 2.91 %. The USA has highest voting rights of 15.85 % followed by Japan with 6.84 % and Germany with 4 %.
Govt proposed that concept of GGDP – Green Gross Domestic Product to be introduced in the country by 2015. In 2012 India will host the Rio+20 conference on biological diversity.
Government approved disinvestment of 20% of share in SAIL in this financial year.
India’s total external debt as on December 2009 is 251 billion.
India’s Gems & Jewellery export grow by 16% to $28.41 billion in 2009-2010.
RBI announced the credit policy. The CRR has been raised from 5.75 % to 6 %. The Repo rate has been raised from 5 % to 5.25 %. The reverse repo rate has been raised from 3.5 % to 3.75 %.
Belgium became the Europe’s first country to ban burqa.
Pakistan’s National assembly passed a bill that takes away the President’s power to dissolve parliament, dismiss a elected government and appoint the three services Chiefs. Pakistan’s parliament passes 18th amendment which was later signed by Presient cutting President’s powers.
USA and Russia signed Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty(START) that allowed a maximum of 1550 deployed overheads, about 30% lower than a limit set in 2002. The treaty was signed in the Progue Castle.
Emergency was imposed in Thailand.
Nuclear Security Summit held at Washington.It was a 47 nation summit wherein P.M. announced setting up of a global nuclear energy centre for conducting research & development of design systems that are secure, proliferation resistant & sustainable.
PM visit USA & Brazil, a two nation tour. He attended Nuclear Security Summit in USA & India- Brazil-S.Africa(IBSA) and Brazil-Russia-India-China(BRIC) summit in Brasilia (Brazil).
16th SAARC Summit held in Bhutan in 28-29 April. The summit was held in Bhutan for the first time. It is the silver jubilee summit as SAARC has completed 25 years. The summit central theme was ‘Climate Change’. The summit recommended to declare 2010-2020 as the “Decade of Intra-regional Connectivity in SAARC”. The 17th SAARC summit will be held in Maldives in 2011.
National Current Affairs 2010
Naxals killed about 75 CRPF personal at Chintalnar-Tarmetla village in Dantewada distt ,Chhattisgarh. Government appoint E.N. Rammohan, to probe the incident.
Uninque Identification Authority of India (UIDAI) now known as Aadhaar. It’s Chairman is Nandan Nilekani. It will assign 16 digit identification number to all residents in India.
NTRO- National Technical Research Organisation. The organization came to limelight after allegation of phone tapping of politicians.
Indian navy commissioned India’s first indigenously built stealth warship ‘ INS Shivalik’. The other stealth warship to be built are named as ‘INS Sahyadri’ and INS Satpura’.
Right To Education Act is notified and will become a legally enforceable from 1 April 2010. Key features of RTE Act are : All children in 6-14 age group must get free and compulsory eduction; No child shall be held back,expelled or required to pass a board examination till Class VIII; There must be 25 % reservation for poor children even in private & minority schools; There must be one teacher for every 30 students; A child rights commission will look into violations of the RTE law.
Govt start Census 2011. It is the 15th Census. It is in two phase. The first phase is called –House listing & Housing Census and the second phase is called decadal headcount which will be held in Feb 2011. The Registrar General of India is C Chandramouli.
Sports Current Affairs 2010
IPL3 season won by Chennai Super Kings defeating Mumbai Indians.
Youth Olympics Games 2010 to be held in Singapore in Aug 2010.
World Youth Championship was held at Baku, Azerbaijan.
Lawn tennis legend Martina Navratilova diagnosed with Breast Cancer.
‘Jumbo’ chosen as 2011 World Cricket Cup Mascot.
World Kabbadi Cup 2010- India defeated Pakistan to won World Cup Kabbadi 2010 held at Ludhiana.
Pankaj Advani won the Asian Billiards Championship defeating Singapore’s Peter Gilchrist for the consecutive third time.
Badminton Asia Championship, Delhi :
Men’s singles – Lin Dan defeated Wang Zhenguing
Women’s singles-Li Xiurei defeated Liu Xin.
Awards Current Affairs 2010
19Th Bihari Puraskar 2009 has been awarded to Hemant Shesh for his collection of poetry ‘Jagah Jaisi Jagah’.
2010 Commonwealth Writers Prize for the best first Book was awarded to Glenda Guest for the novel ‘Siddon Rock’. Rana Dasgupta won Commonwealth Writers Prize for best Book 2010 for book ‘Solo’.
Carl Zeiss wildlife conservation award was won by Joydip Kundu.
Amitav Ghosh won the Dan David Prize alongwith Margaret Atwood for ‘Rendition of the 2oth century’.
Economics & Commerce
India became the 7th largest shareholder in World Bank. India’s voting rights has gone up to 2.91 %. The USA has highest voting rights of 15.85 % followed by Japan with 6.84 % and Germany with 4 %.
Govt proposed that concept of GGDP – Green Gross Domestic Product to be introduced in the country by 2015. In 2012 India will host the Rio+20 conference on biological diversity.
Government approved disinvestment of 20% of share in SAIL in this financial year.
India’s total external debt as on December 2009 is 251 billion.
India’s Gems & Jewellery export grow by 16% to $28.41 billion in 2009-2010.
RBI announced the credit policy. The CRR has been raised from 5.75 % to 6 %. The Repo rate has been raised from 5 % to 5.25 %. The reverse repo rate has been raised from 3.5 % to 3.75 %.
Labels:
CURRENT AFFAIRS
Wednesday, April 28, 2010
IMPORTANT INSTITUTIONS IN INDIA
IMPORTANT INSTITUTIONS IN INDIA
Education
● Commission of Scientific and Technical Words Terminology—New Delhi
● Central Institute of English and Foreign Languages—Hyderabad
● Institute of National Sanskrit—New Delhi
● National Sanskrit Vidyapeeth—Tirupati
● Shri Lal Bahadur Shastri National Sanskrit Vidyapeeth—New Delhi
● Rashtriya Bal Bhavan—New Delhi
● Institute of Central Indian Language—Mysore
● Indian Council of Higher Research—Shimla
● Indian Institute of Social Sciences and Research—New Delhi
● Council of Indian Philosophy Research—New Delhi and Lucknow
● Indian Institute of Science—Bengaluru
● Indian Institute of Information Technology and Management—Gwalior
● Central Hindi Institute—Agra
Environmental Institutes
● Arid Zone Research Institute—Jodhpur
● Central Pollution Control Board—Delhi
● Central Museum Authority—New Delhi
● Rehabilitation Institute of Social Forestry and Ecology—Allahabad
● G. B. Pant Himdoya Environment and Development Institute—Almora
● Himalayan Forest Research Centre—Shimla
● Indian Forest Research and Education Council—Dehradun
● Institute of Indian Forest Management—Bhopal
● Institute of Indian Plywood Industry and Research—Bengaluru
● Institute of Forest Genetic Tree Breeding—Coimbatore
● Forest Productive Centre—Ranchi
● Institute of Forest Research and Human Resource Development—Chindwara
● Institute of Rainforest—Jorhat
● Institute of Lumbering Science and Technology—Bengaluru
● Institute of National Science & Technology—Faridabad
● Indian Botanical Survey—Kolkata
● Indian Anthropology Survey—Kolkata
● Indian Forest Survey—Jorhat
● Tropical Institute—Jabalpur
Defence Institutes
● Air Force Academy—Hyderabad
● Air Force Technical College—Bengaluru
● College of Military Engineering—Pune
● Defence Management Institute—Sikandrabad
● Defence Services Staff College—Wellington
● Directorate General N.C.C.—New Delhi
● Electrical and Mechanical Engineering School—Baroda
● Hindustan Aeronatic Limited—Bengaluru
● Indian Air Force Training Centre—Chennai
● Indian Military Academy—Dehradun
● Institute of Armament Technology—Pune
● Military College of Electrical and Mechanical Engineering—Sikandrabad
● Directorate of National Cadet Core—New Delhi
● National Defence Academy—Kharagwasala
● Naval College of Engineering—Lonavala
● Officers Training Academy—Chennai
Art and Culture
● Institute of National Museum History for Art Conservation and Science Museum—New Delhi
● Allahabad Museum—Allahabad
● Asiatic Society—Kolkata
● Indian Anthropology Survey—Kolkata
● Indian National Archives—New Delhi
● Central Buddh Education Institute—Leh
● Central High Tibetean Educational Institute—Varanasi
● Central Secretariat Library (1981)—New Delhi
● Cultural Institute and Training Centre (1979)—New Delhi
● Delhi Public Library—New Delhi
● Gandhian Recollection and Philosophy Recollection—New Delhi
● Institute of Indian Diamond—Surat
● Indian Museum—Kolkata
● Indira Gandhi National Art Centre—New Delhi
● Indira Gandhi National Human Museum—Bhopal
● Jawahar Lal Nehru Manipur Dance Academy (1954)—Imphal
● Kala Chitra Foundation—Chennai
● Khudabaksh Oriental Public Library—Patna
● Lalit Kala Academy (1954)—New Delhi
● Maulana Abdul Kalam Azad Asian Studies Institute—Kolkata
● National Drama Vidyalaya (1959)—New Delhi
● National Science Museum Parishad—Kolkata
● National Modern Art Technique (1954)—Kolkata
● National Library (1948)—Kolkata
● National Museum—New Delhi
● National Research Laboratory for Conservation of Cultural Heritage—Lucknow
● National School of Drama—New Delhi
● Nav-Nalanda Mahabihar—Bihar
● Nehru Memorial Museum and Library—New Delhi
● Raja Rammohan Rai Library Foundation—Kolkata
● Ram Krishan Mission Sanskrit Institute (1938)—Kolkata
● Rampur Raja Library—Rampur
● Sahitya Academy (1954)—New Delhi
● Salarjanj Museum—Hyderabad
● Sangeet Natak Academy—New Delhi
● Victoria Memorial Hall—Kolkata
Food and Civil Supply
● Indian Standard Bureau—Delhi
● Indian Examination House—Kolkata
Health and Family Welfare
● Central Health Education Bureau—New Delhi
● National Medical Science Academy—New Delhi
● National Ayurvedic Institute—Jaipur
● National Siddh Institute—Chennai
● National Yunani Institute—Bengaluru
● Morarji Desai National Yog Institute—New Delhi
● National Natural Medical Institute—Pune
● National Homeopathic Institute—Kolkata
● National Ayurvedic Vidyapeeth—New Delhi
● Hindustan Organic Chemicals Ltd.—Rasoyni (Maharashtra)
Industries
● South India Textile Research Association—Coimbatore
● North India Cloth Research Institute—Ghaziabad
● Silk and Art Silk Mills Research Association—Mumbai
● Indian Jute Industry Research Association—Kolkata
● Wool Research Institute—Thane
● National Chemicals and Fertilizers Ltd.—Trombay
● Pesticide Technology Institute—Gurgaon
● Hindustan Antibiotic Ltd.—Pimpri, Pune
● Plastic Engineering and Technology Institute—(Sepate) Chennai
● Indian Bureau of Mines—Nagpur
● National Aluminium Co. Ltd.—Orissa
● Hindustan Zinc Ltd.—Udaipur
Law and Justice
● National Justice Academy—Bhopal
● Sardar Ballabh Bhai Patel National Police Academy—Hyderabad
● Lok Nayak Jai Prakash Narain National Crime and Justice Institute—New Delhi
Labour
● Labour Bureau Institute—Chandigarh and Shimla
● V. V. Giri National Labour Institute—Noida (U. P.)
● Central Labour Board—Nagpur
● Director General of Mines Security—Dhanbad
● Central Education Media Institute—Chennai
● Institute of Central government Training and Research—Kolkata
Mass Communication
● Publication Deptt.—New Delhi
● Film Department—Mumbai
● National Film Archieves—Pune
● Indian Committee of Children Film—Mumbai
● Directorate of Publications and Visual Publicity—Delhi
● Directorate of Regional Publicity—New Delhi
● Testimony Board of Central Movie—Mumbai
● Institute of Indian Film and Television—Pune
● Satyajeet Ray Film and Television Institute— Kolkata
Institute of Science and Technology
● Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science—Kolkata
● Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology—Pune
● Indian Astro-physics Institute—Bengaluru
● Jawahar Lal Nehru Developed Scientific Research Centre—Bengaluru
● Indian Institute of Geomagnetism—Mumbai
● Indian Science Academy—Bengaluru
● Indian National Science Academy—New Delhi
● Indian Science Congress Association—Kolkata
● Indian National Engineering Academy—New Delhi
● Indian National Oceanic Information Service Centre—Hyderabad
● Indian Oceanic Technical Institute—Chennai
● National Antarctic and Ocean Research Centre—Goa
● National Biological Science Centre—Bengaluru
● National Institute of Reservation—New Delhi
● Centre of National Cell Science—Pune
● Centre of National Mental Research—Manesar
● National Plant-Genome Research Centre—New Delhi
● National Earthquake Science Data Centre—New Delhi
● Indian Science Academy—Allahabad
● Survey Training Institute—Hyderabad (with the help of U.N.D.P.)
● Bose Institute—Kolkata
● Agarkar Research Institute—Pune
● Sri Chitra Triunal Medical Science and Technical Institute—Tiruvananthapuram
● Wadia Institute of Himalayan Geology—Dehradun
● N. N. Bose National Fundamental Science Centre—Kolkata
● Birbal Sahani Institute of Paleo-botany—Lucknow
● Technology Information, Forecasting and Assessment Council—New Delhi
● Science Expansion (Vigyan Prasar)—New Delhi
● Liquid Crystal Research Institute—Bengaluru
● Aryabhatta Research Observatory—Nainital
● Director of Atomic Mineral Investigation and Research—Hyderabad
● Indian Uranium Corporation Ltd.—Jaduguda
● Heavy Water Board—Mumbai
● Nuclear Fuel Campus—Hyderabad
● Bhabha Atomic Research Centre—Mumbai
● Shri Ram Institute of Chemical Research—New Delhi
● Institute for Plasma Research (I. P. R.)—Ahmedabad
● Harish Chand Research Institute—Chennai
● Physics Institute—Bhubaneshwar
● Variable Energy Cyclotron Centre—Kolkata
● Deptt. of Atomic Energy—Mumbai
● Project Directorate, Integrated Coastal and Sea Coast Management—Chennai
● Sea-biotic Resources and Ecology Centre—Cochin
● Hindustan Zinc Limited—Udaipur
● D. N. A. Finger Print and Centre—Hyderabad
● Biotic Resources and Continuous Development Centre—Imphal
● Life Science Institute—Bhubaneshwar
● Physical Research Laboratory—Ahmedabad (Gujarat)
● S. V. National Technical Institute—Surat
● Saha Nuclear Physics Institute—Kolkata (W. Bengal)
● Cosmic Rays Research Institute—Gauribidanow
● Shri Ram Chennai Research Institute—New Delhi
● Tata Institute of Fundamental Research—Mumbai
● Centre for Marine Living Resources and Ecology—Kocchi
● Institute of Mathematical Science—Chennai
● Institute of Physics—Bhubaneshwar
● National Biology Centre—Bengaluru
● Uranium Corporation of India Ltd.—Jaduguda (Jharkhand)
● Vishveshraiya National Technical Institute—Nagpur
Transport
● Diesel Locomotive Works—Varanasi
● Chitranjan Locomotive Works—Chitranjan
● Rail Coach Factory—Kapurthala
● Integral Coach Factory—Perambur, Kapurthala
● Rail Wheel Factory—Bengaluru
● Marine Engineering and Research Institute—Kolkata
● Marine Engineering and Research Institute—Mumbai
● Lal Bahadur Shastri Coastal Research and Higher Study Institute—Mumbai
● Indian Inland Waterways Authority—Noida
● Maritime Training Institute Powai—Mumbai
● Hindustan Shipyard Limited—Visakhapatnam
● Central Inland Water Transport Corporation—Kolkata
● Civil Aviation Security Bureau—Delhi
● National Aviation Management and Research Institute—Delhi
● Fire Training Centre—New Delhi
● Fire Service Training School—Narainpur (Kolkata)
● Indira Gandhi National Flying Academy—Furshatganj (U. P.)
● Indian Tourism and Travel Management Institute—Gwalior
● National Water Sporting Institute—Goa
Water Resources
● Central Soil and Material Research Centre—New Delhi
● Central Water and Electric Research Centre—Kharagwasala (Pune)
● National Project Construction Corporation Ltd.—New Delhi
● National Hydrology Institute—Roorkee (Uttarakhand)
Welfare
● National Blind Institute—Dehradun
● National Orthopedic Disabled Institute—Kolkata
● Aliyawarjung National Hard of Hearing Institute—Mumbai
● National Mental Disabled Institute—Sikandrabad
● National Rehabilitation Training and Research Institute—Cuttack
● Physically Disabled Institute—New Delhi
● Multi-disabled Strengthen Institute—Chennai
● National Public Cooperation and Child Development Institute—New Delhi
Youth Work and Play
● Rajeev Gandhi National Youth Development Institute—Perambur
● Laxmibai National Physical Education Institute (1957)—Gwalior
Energy
● National Thermal Power Corporation—New Delhi
● Electric Finance Corporation Ltd.—New Delhi
Communication
● Telecommunication Engineering Centre—New Delhi
● National Telecommunication Finance and Management Academy—Hyderabad
● High Level Telecommunication Training Centre—Ghaziabad
● Advance Level Telecommunication Training Centre—Ghaziabad
● Bharat Ratna Bhim Rao Ambedkar Telecommunication Training Institute—Jabalpur
Education
● Commission of Scientific and Technical Words Terminology—New Delhi
● Central Institute of English and Foreign Languages—Hyderabad
● Institute of National Sanskrit—New Delhi
● National Sanskrit Vidyapeeth—Tirupati
● Shri Lal Bahadur Shastri National Sanskrit Vidyapeeth—New Delhi
● Rashtriya Bal Bhavan—New Delhi
● Institute of Central Indian Language—Mysore
● Indian Council of Higher Research—Shimla
● Indian Institute of Social Sciences and Research—New Delhi
● Council of Indian Philosophy Research—New Delhi and Lucknow
● Indian Institute of Science—Bengaluru
● Indian Institute of Information Technology and Management—Gwalior
● Central Hindi Institute—Agra
Environmental Institutes
● Arid Zone Research Institute—Jodhpur
● Central Pollution Control Board—Delhi
● Central Museum Authority—New Delhi
● Rehabilitation Institute of Social Forestry and Ecology—Allahabad
● G. B. Pant Himdoya Environment and Development Institute—Almora
● Himalayan Forest Research Centre—Shimla
● Indian Forest Research and Education Council—Dehradun
● Institute of Indian Forest Management—Bhopal
● Institute of Indian Plywood Industry and Research—Bengaluru
● Institute of Forest Genetic Tree Breeding—Coimbatore
● Forest Productive Centre—Ranchi
● Institute of Forest Research and Human Resource Development—Chindwara
● Institute of Rainforest—Jorhat
● Institute of Lumbering Science and Technology—Bengaluru
● Institute of National Science & Technology—Faridabad
● Indian Botanical Survey—Kolkata
● Indian Anthropology Survey—Kolkata
● Indian Forest Survey—Jorhat
● Tropical Institute—Jabalpur
Defence Institutes
● Air Force Academy—Hyderabad
● Air Force Technical College—Bengaluru
● College of Military Engineering—Pune
● Defence Management Institute—Sikandrabad
● Defence Services Staff College—Wellington
● Directorate General N.C.C.—New Delhi
● Electrical and Mechanical Engineering School—Baroda
● Hindustan Aeronatic Limited—Bengaluru
● Indian Air Force Training Centre—Chennai
● Indian Military Academy—Dehradun
● Institute of Armament Technology—Pune
● Military College of Electrical and Mechanical Engineering—Sikandrabad
● Directorate of National Cadet Core—New Delhi
● National Defence Academy—Kharagwasala
● Naval College of Engineering—Lonavala
● Officers Training Academy—Chennai
Art and Culture
● Institute of National Museum History for Art Conservation and Science Museum—New Delhi
● Allahabad Museum—Allahabad
● Asiatic Society—Kolkata
● Indian Anthropology Survey—Kolkata
● Indian National Archives—New Delhi
● Central Buddh Education Institute—Leh
● Central High Tibetean Educational Institute—Varanasi
● Central Secretariat Library (1981)—New Delhi
● Cultural Institute and Training Centre (1979)—New Delhi
● Delhi Public Library—New Delhi
● Gandhian Recollection and Philosophy Recollection—New Delhi
● Institute of Indian Diamond—Surat
● Indian Museum—Kolkata
● Indira Gandhi National Art Centre—New Delhi
● Indira Gandhi National Human Museum—Bhopal
● Jawahar Lal Nehru Manipur Dance Academy (1954)—Imphal
● Kala Chitra Foundation—Chennai
● Khudabaksh Oriental Public Library—Patna
● Lalit Kala Academy (1954)—New Delhi
● Maulana Abdul Kalam Azad Asian Studies Institute—Kolkata
● National Drama Vidyalaya (1959)—New Delhi
● National Science Museum Parishad—Kolkata
● National Modern Art Technique (1954)—Kolkata
● National Library (1948)—Kolkata
● National Museum—New Delhi
● National Research Laboratory for Conservation of Cultural Heritage—Lucknow
● National School of Drama—New Delhi
● Nav-Nalanda Mahabihar—Bihar
● Nehru Memorial Museum and Library—New Delhi
● Raja Rammohan Rai Library Foundation—Kolkata
● Ram Krishan Mission Sanskrit Institute (1938)—Kolkata
● Rampur Raja Library—Rampur
● Sahitya Academy (1954)—New Delhi
● Salarjanj Museum—Hyderabad
● Sangeet Natak Academy—New Delhi
● Victoria Memorial Hall—Kolkata
Food and Civil Supply
● Indian Standard Bureau—Delhi
● Indian Examination House—Kolkata
Health and Family Welfare
● Central Health Education Bureau—New Delhi
● National Medical Science Academy—New Delhi
● National Ayurvedic Institute—Jaipur
● National Siddh Institute—Chennai
● National Yunani Institute—Bengaluru
● Morarji Desai National Yog Institute—New Delhi
● National Natural Medical Institute—Pune
● National Homeopathic Institute—Kolkata
● National Ayurvedic Vidyapeeth—New Delhi
● Hindustan Organic Chemicals Ltd.—Rasoyni (Maharashtra)
Industries
● South India Textile Research Association—Coimbatore
● North India Cloth Research Institute—Ghaziabad
● Silk and Art Silk Mills Research Association—Mumbai
● Indian Jute Industry Research Association—Kolkata
● Wool Research Institute—Thane
● National Chemicals and Fertilizers Ltd.—Trombay
● Pesticide Technology Institute—Gurgaon
● Hindustan Antibiotic Ltd.—Pimpri, Pune
● Plastic Engineering and Technology Institute—(Sepate) Chennai
● Indian Bureau of Mines—Nagpur
● National Aluminium Co. Ltd.—Orissa
● Hindustan Zinc Ltd.—Udaipur
Law and Justice
● National Justice Academy—Bhopal
● Sardar Ballabh Bhai Patel National Police Academy—Hyderabad
● Lok Nayak Jai Prakash Narain National Crime and Justice Institute—New Delhi
Labour
● Labour Bureau Institute—Chandigarh and Shimla
● V. V. Giri National Labour Institute—Noida (U. P.)
● Central Labour Board—Nagpur
● Director General of Mines Security—Dhanbad
● Central Education Media Institute—Chennai
● Institute of Central government Training and Research—Kolkata
Mass Communication
● Publication Deptt.—New Delhi
● Film Department—Mumbai
● National Film Archieves—Pune
● Indian Committee of Children Film—Mumbai
● Directorate of Publications and Visual Publicity—Delhi
● Directorate of Regional Publicity—New Delhi
● Testimony Board of Central Movie—Mumbai
● Institute of Indian Film and Television—Pune
● Satyajeet Ray Film and Television Institute— Kolkata
Institute of Science and Technology
● Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science—Kolkata
● Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology—Pune
● Indian Astro-physics Institute—Bengaluru
● Jawahar Lal Nehru Developed Scientific Research Centre—Bengaluru
● Indian Institute of Geomagnetism—Mumbai
● Indian Science Academy—Bengaluru
● Indian National Science Academy—New Delhi
● Indian Science Congress Association—Kolkata
● Indian National Engineering Academy—New Delhi
● Indian National Oceanic Information Service Centre—Hyderabad
● Indian Oceanic Technical Institute—Chennai
● National Antarctic and Ocean Research Centre—Goa
● National Biological Science Centre—Bengaluru
● National Institute of Reservation—New Delhi
● Centre of National Cell Science—Pune
● Centre of National Mental Research—Manesar
● National Plant-Genome Research Centre—New Delhi
● National Earthquake Science Data Centre—New Delhi
● Indian Science Academy—Allahabad
● Survey Training Institute—Hyderabad (with the help of U.N.D.P.)
● Bose Institute—Kolkata
● Agarkar Research Institute—Pune
● Sri Chitra Triunal Medical Science and Technical Institute—Tiruvananthapuram
● Wadia Institute of Himalayan Geology—Dehradun
● N. N. Bose National Fundamental Science Centre—Kolkata
● Birbal Sahani Institute of Paleo-botany—Lucknow
● Technology Information, Forecasting and Assessment Council—New Delhi
● Science Expansion (Vigyan Prasar)—New Delhi
● Liquid Crystal Research Institute—Bengaluru
● Aryabhatta Research Observatory—Nainital
● Director of Atomic Mineral Investigation and Research—Hyderabad
● Indian Uranium Corporation Ltd.—Jaduguda
● Heavy Water Board—Mumbai
● Nuclear Fuel Campus—Hyderabad
● Bhabha Atomic Research Centre—Mumbai
● Shri Ram Institute of Chemical Research—New Delhi
● Institute for Plasma Research (I. P. R.)—Ahmedabad
● Harish Chand Research Institute—Chennai
● Physics Institute—Bhubaneshwar
● Variable Energy Cyclotron Centre—Kolkata
● Deptt. of Atomic Energy—Mumbai
● Project Directorate, Integrated Coastal and Sea Coast Management—Chennai
● Sea-biotic Resources and Ecology Centre—Cochin
● Hindustan Zinc Limited—Udaipur
● D. N. A. Finger Print and Centre—Hyderabad
● Biotic Resources and Continuous Development Centre—Imphal
● Life Science Institute—Bhubaneshwar
● Physical Research Laboratory—Ahmedabad (Gujarat)
● S. V. National Technical Institute—Surat
● Saha Nuclear Physics Institute—Kolkata (W. Bengal)
● Cosmic Rays Research Institute—Gauribidanow
● Shri Ram Chennai Research Institute—New Delhi
● Tata Institute of Fundamental Research—Mumbai
● Centre for Marine Living Resources and Ecology—Kocchi
● Institute of Mathematical Science—Chennai
● Institute of Physics—Bhubaneshwar
● National Biology Centre—Bengaluru
● Uranium Corporation of India Ltd.—Jaduguda (Jharkhand)
● Vishveshraiya National Technical Institute—Nagpur
Transport
● Diesel Locomotive Works—Varanasi
● Chitranjan Locomotive Works—Chitranjan
● Rail Coach Factory—Kapurthala
● Integral Coach Factory—Perambur, Kapurthala
● Rail Wheel Factory—Bengaluru
● Marine Engineering and Research Institute—Kolkata
● Marine Engineering and Research Institute—Mumbai
● Lal Bahadur Shastri Coastal Research and Higher Study Institute—Mumbai
● Indian Inland Waterways Authority—Noida
● Maritime Training Institute Powai—Mumbai
● Hindustan Shipyard Limited—Visakhapatnam
● Central Inland Water Transport Corporation—Kolkata
● Civil Aviation Security Bureau—Delhi
● National Aviation Management and Research Institute—Delhi
● Fire Training Centre—New Delhi
● Fire Service Training School—Narainpur (Kolkata)
● Indira Gandhi National Flying Academy—Furshatganj (U. P.)
● Indian Tourism and Travel Management Institute—Gwalior
● National Water Sporting Institute—Goa
Water Resources
● Central Soil and Material Research Centre—New Delhi
● Central Water and Electric Research Centre—Kharagwasala (Pune)
● National Project Construction Corporation Ltd.—New Delhi
● National Hydrology Institute—Roorkee (Uttarakhand)
Welfare
● National Blind Institute—Dehradun
● National Orthopedic Disabled Institute—Kolkata
● Aliyawarjung National Hard of Hearing Institute—Mumbai
● National Mental Disabled Institute—Sikandrabad
● National Rehabilitation Training and Research Institute—Cuttack
● Physically Disabled Institute—New Delhi
● Multi-disabled Strengthen Institute—Chennai
● National Public Cooperation and Child Development Institute—New Delhi
Youth Work and Play
● Rajeev Gandhi National Youth Development Institute—Perambur
● Laxmibai National Physical Education Institute (1957)—Gwalior
Energy
● National Thermal Power Corporation—New Delhi
● Electric Finance Corporation Ltd.—New Delhi
Communication
● Telecommunication Engineering Centre—New Delhi
● National Telecommunication Finance and Management Academy—Hyderabad
● High Level Telecommunication Training Centre—Ghaziabad
● Advance Level Telecommunication Training Centre—Ghaziabad
● Bharat Ratna Bhim Rao Ambedkar Telecommunication Training Institute—Jabalpur
Labels:
GEOGRAPHY
Monday, April 26, 2010
Sunday, April 25, 2010
APPSC ECONOMICS QUESTIONS
APPSC ECONOMICS QUESTIONS
1. Which one of the following is correct
under perfect competition?
a. AR curve is a straight line and parallel
to X-axis
b. AR curve is a straight line and parallel
to Y-axis
c. AR curve is a convex to origin
d. AR curve is a concave to origin
2. the effectiveness of monetary policy in a
recession will be reduced if
a. The level of borrowing is highly
responsive to small changes in the
level of interest rate
b. The security prices start to go up as
soon as the cheap money policy is
initiated.
c. Money holders prefer to retain money
rather then buy securities at any lower
rate.
d. The "asset demand" or "liquidity
demand" for money is very low
3. The essential difference between money
and non-money assets is that
a. Money is a means of payments
whereas non-money assets are stores
of value
b. Money is a measure of value whereas
non – money assets are stores of value,
money is a generally accepted means
of payment.
c. Money yields non-pecuniary income
whereas non-money assets yield
pecuniary income
4. Which one of the following functions of
money helps it to become a link between
the present and the future?
a. measure of value
b. Store of value
c. medium of exchange
d. Transfer of value
5. Which one of the following functions of
money can be categorised as its contingent
functions?
a. To act as a medium of exchange
b. To work as a measure of value
c. To work as a standard of deferred
payment
d. To help in equalising the marginal
utility and marginal productivity
6. Friend man asserts that the Quantity.
Theory of Money is basically a theory of
a. the demand for money
b. The price level
c. Money income
d. the value of money
7. 'V' in MV = PT and 'K' in M= KT P are
a. The same'
b. not related
c. interdependent
d. The reciprocals of each other
8. Monopolistic exploitation of labour occurs
when
a. wage is less than marginal revenue
product
b. both wage and marginal revenue
product are equal
c. wage is more than the marginal
revenue product
d. Wage is equal to marginal physical
product.
9. Under the Keynesian Liquidity trap
conditions, an increase in money supply
will
a. reduce the rate of interest
b. both wage and marginal revenue
product are equal
c. wage is more than the marginal
revenue product
d. Wage is equal to marginal physical
product.
10. Under the Keynesian Liquidity trap
conditions, an increase in money supply
will
a. deposit mobilization in India
b. branch expansion in various parts of
the world
c. financing India's foreign trade
d. lending to weaker sections in India
11. Excess reserves of member banks equal
a. a total reserves minus required reserves
minus bank borrowing from the
Central Bank.
b. required reserves minus member bank
borrowing at the Central Bank
c. Total reserves minus free reserves
d. total reserve minus required reserves
12. Which one of the following statements
correctly defines the Balance Sheet of a
commercial bank?
a. It is index of its financial position
b. It is an account of its profit and loss
c. It is a statement of the volume of
business done by the bank
d. It is a statement of the foreign
exchange business of the bank
13. The following is a list of banks other than
the Central Bank. Which one of them can
create money?
a. Commercial banks
b. Industrial development banks
c. Agricultural banks
d. Exchange banks
14. Which one of the following is not a
function of commercial banks?
a. Advancing loans
b. Accepting deposits
c. Issuing notes
d. Discounting bills of exchange
15. During inflation, a family with an
unchanged real disposable income and an
unchanged stock of fixed-rupee financial
assets
a. is likely to increase its real
consumption expenditures
b. finds the real value of its financial
assets rising
c. is likely to reduce its real consumption
expenditures
d. is in no way affected by inflation.
16. In which one of the following situations
should a country pursue a cheap money
policy?
a. Balance of payments is unfavorable
b. Price-are rising
c. Gold is likely to flow out of the
country
d. Level of employment is low
17. Normally, a country exports the
commodity which is intensive in the use of
its relatively abundant factor and imports
the commodity which is intensive in the
use of its relatively scarce factor. this has
reference to.
a. Harberler's theory of opportunity cost
in international trade
b. J.S. Mill's theory of reciprocal demand
c. Heckscher – Ohlin's theorem
d. None of the above
18. Match List 1 with List 2 and select the
correct answer using the codes given
below the lists.
List I
A. Absolute advantage
B. The doctrine of comparative cost
C. Investment multiplier
List II
1. J.S. Mill
2. J.M Keynes
3. David Ricardo
4. Adam Smith
Codes: A B C
a. 4 3 2
b. 3 1 2
c. 4 2 3
d. 2 3 4
19. Trade as an 'engine of growth" has in the
past operated in the
a. world as a whole
b. nineteenth century
c. developing countries
d. twentieth century
20. Trade in invisibles refers to
a. unrecorded trade'
b. smuggling'
3 of 13
c. trade in military goods
d. trade in services
21. the following figures are based on the
balance of payments accounts:
Imports....................... Rs.400 crores
Exports....................... Rs.340 crores
Shipping..................... Rs.3 crores
Travel, tourism etc..... Rs. 5 crores
Interest, dividends, profits... Rs.50 crores
Migrants' funds................Rs. 1 crores
Government..................... Rs 40 crores
The balance of trade is
a. + Rs. 740 crores
b. –Rs. 740 crores
c. + Rs. 60 crores
d. –Rs. 60 croes
22. With perfectly elastic supply of exports
and imports, an essential condition for an
improvement in the balance of payments
through devaluation is that the sum of
price elasticity's of demand for export (nx)
should be.
a. greater than one
b. equal to one
c. less than one
d. equal to zero
23. Consider the following statements
Given the domestic price level and
exchange rate, an improvement in the
balance of trade deficit can be effected
through
1. a contraction in domestic income
2. an expansion in domestic income
3. A contraction in income in foreign
countries
4. an expansion in income in foreign
countries
Of these statements
a. 1 and 3 are correct
b. 2 and 3 are correct
c. 2 and 4 are correct
d. 1 and 4 are correct
24. match List I with List II and select the
correct answer from the codes given below
the Lists:
List I (Name of the author)
A. F.Y. Edgeworth
B. Prebisch – Singer
C. Jacob Viner
List II (Important concept in
International Trade)
1. Box diagram
2. Trade diversion and Trade creation
effects of customs union
3. Secular deterioration of terms of trade
of developing countries
Codes: A B C
a. 1 3 2
b. 2 3 1
c. 3 1 2
d. 1 2 3
25. Which one of the following institutions
offers loans from a "Soft Loan Window"?
a. International Finance Corporation
b. International Monetary Fund
c. International Bank for Reconstruction
and Development
d. International Development Agency
26. The scope for trade- creation effect is the
largest if production structures in the
countries forming the customs union are
production structures in the countries
forming the customs union are
a. Primarily complementary
b. Primarily competitive'
c. Both complementary and competitive
d. Reffect each other
27. In a two country model, factors of
production viz, labour and capital, are
more efficient in one country than the
other, factor proportions are the same in
both the countries. the production
possibilities curves of the two countries
will resemble those set in the following
figure
One can easily infer from the above figure
that there is no possibility of trade between
the two countries, because
4 of 13
a. relative costs are identical
b. relative costs are different
c. real costs are different
d. real costs are identical
28.
In the Above diagram country A's offer
curve is α and the of B's is α β which is a
straight line originating from O. Under
free trade, equilibrium will be at P and α
terms of trade are given by OP. A tariff
imposed by A will change A's offer curve
to α1 thereby reducing volume of trade
without changing the terms of trade. In
such a situation the optimum tariff for
country A should be
a. zero
b. unity
c. infinity
d. 200%
29. The mechanism of the gold standard
implies within the framework of its rules
a. symmetric adjustment of both surplus
and deficit countries
b. neutralization of gold flows
c. the adjustment burden put wholly on
the deficit country
d. the adjustment burden put wholly on
the surplus country
30. Currently, the value of SDR is fixed in
terms of
a. gold
b. dollar
c. a basket of 16 currencies
d. a basket of 5 currencies
31. Devaluation works better if
a. it is accompanied by a decline in short
term interest rates
b. foreign demand for the devaluing
country's exports is price elastic
c. the devaluing country's demand for
imports is inelastic
d. devaluation raised the price of exports
32. In the initial stages of development,
population explosion occurs primarily due
to
a. a sharp increase in birth rate
b. a sharp decrease in death rate
c. a fall in both birth and death rates
d. increases rate of immigration
33. The empirical evidence testifies that as an
economy develops the percentage share of
the primary sector in the national income.
a. increases
b. remains constant
c. decreases
d. decrease initially and then increases
34. Dualism in development economics refers
to
a. dual price policy
b. co-existence of modern and traditional
sectors
c. co-existence of private and public
sectors
d. Co-existence of institutional and noninstitutional
agencies
35. Prebisch-Singer thesis enunciates that an
important factor inhibiting the growth of
developing countries has been
a. the secular deterioration in terms of
trade experienced by them in
commodity trade
b. high population growth rate
c. lack of effective demand in the
domestic economy
d. low rate of domestic saving and
investment
36. Calculating the size of gaps as per
Chenery's two gap model, what will be the
" savings gap" if the target growth rate of
national real income in 6 percent, the
capital out put ratio is 3: 1, the marginal
saving rate is 13 percent and the initial
savings ratio is also 13 percent?
a. 7 %
b. 6%
c. 5%
d. 4%
37. In the keynesian system, all fall in money
wage rate will lead to:
a. an increase in employment
b. a decrease in the price level
c. an increase in the interest rate
d. a decrease in the quantity of money
38. Phillips curve shows the relation between
the
a. percentage of wage increase and the
percentage of unemployment of
economy's labour force
b. percentage of wage' increase and the
percentage of increased employment of
economy's labour force
c. percentage of price change and the
percentage of change in income
d. percentage of price change and the
percentage of change in demand.
39. In the Ricardian model, a higher growth
rate of accumulation will.
a. postpone the stationary state
b. hasten the stationary state
c. reduce the population growth rate
d. cause increasing returns to emerge
40. If a tax system collects Rs 100 from
individuals with income of Rs. 1000 and
Rs. 150 from individuals with income of
Rs. 2000, the tax system is said to be
a. regressive
b. progressive
c. proportional
d. none of the above
41. The real value of tax on a given level of
real income under progressive income
taxation
a. rises under inflation
b. decreases under inflation
c. remains unchanged under inflation
d. rises under depression
42. Mahalanobis plan model adopted in India
in the fifties aimed at.
a. building a strong defence industry base
b. setting up heavy industries which
were capital intensive
c. curbing inflation in the economy
d. removing unemployment without short
43. The selective regional planning approach
aim at
a. selecting specific regions in a country
for optimum development
b. providing equal investment in selected
regions
c. equal development rates for all regions
in selected sectors
d. deliberate unequal development rates
for the different regions of the
economy
44. Of the following states, per capita net state
domestic product in India during 1988-89
(current prices) was the highest in
45. Liquidity trap refers to
a. Punjab
b. Kerala
c. Haryana
d. Nagaland
46. Of the following states, per capita net state
domestic product in India during 1988-90
works out to 5.2 percent at 1980-81 prices.
Given a capital output ratio of 4.1, what is
the estimated saving rate, assuming not
foreign aid?
a. 9.3 percent
b. 20 percent
c. 21.3 percent
d. 24.4 percent
47. Indian's GDP at factor cost, measured in
1980-81 prices, had grown during 1988-89
at around
a. 5%
b. 10%
c. 15%
d. 3%
48. Population growth rate in India was
negative in
a. 1901-11
b. 1911-21
c. 1921-31
d. 1931-41
49. Which one of the following makes up the
common aim of economic planning during
successive Five Year plan of India?
a. Reduction of disparities in income and
wealth
b. Expansion of employment
c. Prevention of concentration of
economic power
d. prevention of concentration of
economic power
50. Of all the additional rural programmes,
which one of the following was stressed
during the Sixth plan?
a. Integrated rural development
b. Rural literacy development
c. Rural railways
d. Advanced communication link for
rural people
51. Which one of the following is true in
respect of the balance of payment at the
end of the first half of the Second five
Year Plan of India?
a. A surplus resulted from an excess of
exports over imports
b. A deficit on trade was covered by
surplus on invisible account
c. balance of payment was undisturbed
and not new problem arose here
d. A foreign exchange problem appeared
52. Which one of the following was a feature
of India's third Five year Plan?
a. Integrated Rural DEvelopment Project
b. Rural works Programme
c. Special Jute Development Project
d. Special Oilseeds Development Project
53. Which one of the following is the main
cause for the relisation of modest
agricultural targets of India's first Five
year Plan?
a. Abolition of intermediaries
b. The markets set up for selling new
reproducible capital to farmers.
c. 'Co-operative commonwealth' in the
rural sector
d. Good monsoons
54. Reviewing the over-all achievements of
planning in all the Five Year Plan, the
Government daft of the sixth Plan
mentions: "It is a cause of legitimate
national pride that over this period no
stagnant and dependent economy has been
modernized and made more self-reliant".
Then which model of development are
these achievements ascribed?
a. Gandhian Model
b. Mahalanobis model
c. Marxian model
d. Agricultural Fundamentalists' model
55. Which one of the following resources is
the most crucial input in India's new
agriculture, technology, responsible for the
Green Revolution?
a. Fertilizers
b. HYV seeds
c. Agricultural Machinery
d. Irrigation
56. Which one of the following states has
made the least progress in respect of
consolidation of holdings?
a. Bihar
b. Uttar Pradesh
c. West Bengal
d. Orissa
57. Which one of the following is the
approximate figure of consumption of
chemical fertilizers in lakh tones during
1990-91?
58. Since 1982 which one of the following
financial institutions has been play the
greatest role in supplying and overseeing
rural credit in India?
a. Co-operative credit societies
b. Regional rural banks
c. NABARD
d. Public Sector Banks
59. Irrigation potential and untilisation in large
and medium scale irrigation projects,
1950-85.
Years Prudential
irrigated area
(lakh ha)
Area utilised
(lakh ha)
1950-51
1960-61
1968-69
1979-80
1984-85
97
143
181
266
305
97
131
170
226
253
The above table shows that the ratio of
utilisation area to potential area irrigated is
a. fluctuating
b. decreasing with one exceptional year
c. nearly constant
d. increasing with one or two exceptional
years
60. Match List I with List II and select the
correct answer using the codes given
below the lists
List I (Crops)
A. Tea
B. Coffee
C. Tobacco
D. Milk from HYV cows
List II (Dominant system so marketing
of output)
1. Government marketing Board or
Agency
2. Auction market
3. marketing Co-operatives
4. Private marketing agencies
Codes: A B C D
a. 1 2 3 4
b. 2 4 1 3
c. 2 1 4 3
d. 4 2 1 3
91. Assertion (A): It is difficult to replicate the
development process of the developed
countries in the less developed countries.
Reason (R): Presently less developed
countries are to start from much lower
economic levels than was true for the
presently developed countries.
a. Both A and R are true and R is the
correct explanation
b. Both A and R are true but R is not a
correct explanation
c. A is true but R is false
d. A is false R is true
92. Assertion (A): There has been a steady
decline in relative poverty in India.
Reason (R): New economic reforms
(1991) are anti-poverty oriented.
a. Both A and R are true and R is the
correct explanation
b. Both A and R are true but R is not a
correct explanation
c. A is true but R is false
d. A is false R is true
93. Assertion (A): Indian development
planning is oriented towards growth with
social justice
Reason (R): India inherited a colonial
economy.
a. Both A and R are true and R is the
correct explanation
b. Both A and R are true but R is not a
correct explanation
c. A is true but R is false
d. A is false R is true
94. Assertion (A): According to national
Sample Survey, the proportion of poor is
higher in rural India than in urban.
Reason (R): After independence, the
growth rate of industry has been lower
than that of agriculture.
a. Both A and R are true and R is the
correct explanation
b. Both A and R are true but R is not a
correct explanation
c. A is true but R is false
d. A is false R is true
95. Assertion (A): From the point of view of
technique of planning, there was little
difference between India's 2nd and 3rd plan.
Reason (R): Despite sticking to
Mahalanobis model both followed a
balanced development approach.
a. Both A and R are true and R is the
correct explanation
b. Both A and R are true but R is not a
correct explanation
c. A is true but R is false
d. A is false R is true
96. Assertion (A): One of the impediments in
the industrialisation of backward areas in
the lack of adequate infrastructural
facilities.
Reason (R): The growth centre approach
announced in 1988 is government of
India's answer to the problem of poor
industrialisation in backward areas.
a. Both A and R are true and R is the
correct explanation
b. Both A and R are true but R is not a
correct explanation
c. A is true but R is false
d. A is false R is true
97. Assertion (A): Guaranteeing right to work
is a full employment policy.
Reason (R): This is a necessary condition
for solving unemployment in India.
a. Both A and R are true and R is the
correct explanation
b. Both A and R are true but R is not a
correct explanation
c. A is true but R is false
d. A is false R is true
98. Assertion (A): In November 1990, the
government tried to curb imports.
Reason (R): This was done through credit
policy.
a. Both A and R are true and R is the
correct explanation
b. Both A and R are true but R is not a
correct explanation
c. A is true but R is false
d. A is false R is true
99. Assertion (A): 1991-92 budget attempted
to restore international confidence in
Indian economy.
Reason (R): In 1991 economic reforms
there was a drive towards self-reliance.
a. Both A and R are true and R is the
correct explanation
b. Both A and R are true but R is not a
correct explanation
c. A is true but R is false
d. A is false R is true
100. Assertion (A): The GNP is the value of all
goods and services produced annually in
the nation.
Reason (R): The most comprehensive
measure of nation output is the GNP.
a. Both A and R are true and R is the
correct explanation
b. Both A and R are true but R is not a
correct explanation
c. A is true but R is false
d. A is false R is true
101. national Income denotes
a. revenue of the Government in one year
b. revenue of nationalised enterprises and
banks.
c. budgetary surplus of the government
d. sum total of all factor earnings in the
country
102. In calculating a country's NNP at factor
costs, which on of the following elements
is not included?
a. Rent, interest, wages and profits
b. Supplements to wages paid by
employers under social security
arrangements.
c. Factor payments from abroad
d. Indirect taxes.
103. The size of the gap between actual and
potential GNP is a measure of
a. inflationary gap
b. deflationary gap
c. savings-investment gap
d. natural rate of unemployment
104. In Keynesian economics, given the total
investment expenditure, an increase in the
propensity to save will lead to a
a. fall in the quantity of saving
b. fall in income
c. rise in interest rate
d. rise in income.
105. The intermediate goods are exclude from
GNP because
a. they create the problem of duplication'
b. their value cannot e assessed
c. it is difficult to define such goods
d. such goods do not directly enter into
consumption
106. Disposable income is
a. National Income
b. National Income less direct taxes
c. national Income less direct taxes less
undistributed profits
d. National Income less direct taxes less
undistributed profits plus transfer
payments.
107. Net National Income at market prices is
equal to
a. Gross national product at market prices
minus depreciation
b. Net Domestic Product at market prices
plus or minus earnings from abroad
c. Gross Domestic product minus indirect
taxes and subsidies
d. Gross National Product plus or minus
depreciation.
108. Assume that in a country's national
accounts, the corporate sector's savings
equal its investment. Also, the
government's budget is exactly balanced.
An excess of household savings over its
own investment will be reported as
a. government sector's excess of
investment over savings
b. excess of imports over exports in the
external account.
c. excess of exports over imports in the
external account
d. no change in the external account.
109. In the case of a Cobb-Douglas production
function, output elasticity of an input is
a. a constant
b. unity
c. a function of all the inputs
d. indeterminate
110. A consumer will generally obtain the
greatest total utility from expenditure of a
given income when.
a. the marginal utility of each commodity
purchased is unity
b. the marginal utility of each commodity
purchased is in the same ratio to its
price.
c. the marginal utility of each commodity
purchased is in the same ratio to its
cost of production.
d. the prices of the commodities
purchased are equal to one another.
111. If the price consumption curve is negative,
it is because of one or more of the
following reason.
1. Negative Income effect is stronger than
the substitution effect.
2. Substitution effect is negative.
3. The commodity is Giffengood
Of the reason given above
a. 1 alone is correct
b. 1 and 2 are correct
c. 2 and 3 are correct
d. I and 3 are correct
112. Which one of the following assumptions is
not necessary for the cardinal utility
theory?
a. Rationality of the consumer
b. Constant marginal utility of money
c. Perfectly competitive market
d. Additively of utility
113. If two goods are complements then a rise
in the price of one commodity will induce.
a. an upward shift in the demand for the
other commodity
b. a rise in the price of the other
commodity
c. a downward shift in the demand for the
other commodity
d. no shift in the demand of the other
commodity
13 of 13
114. the relation between average revenue (AR)
marginal revenue (MR) and price elasticity
of demand (Ep) is such that
a. the sum of AR and MR equals the Ep
b. the difference between AR and MR
depends inversely on Ep.
c. the difference between AR and Ep
depends on the value of MR.
d. when AR = MR. Ep = 0
115. Which one of the following statements is
correct?
a. Diminishing and independent marginal
utilities imply convexity of the
indifference curves.
b. Independent utilities and convex
indifference curves imply diminishing
marginal utility of each good.
c. Diminishing marginal utilities and
convex indifference curves imply that
the marginal utility of each commodity
is independent of the quantity of the
other.
d. Thee is no relation between utility and
indifference curve
116. if sales tax on a commodity is raised, but
the revenue earned through its sale
decreases sharply, which one of the
following statements about the nature of
this commodity would be correct?
a. Price elasticity of demand for it is low
b. It must be an essential good
c. Price elasticity of demand for it is high
d. Price elasticity of demand for it is
unity
117. If the price elasticity of demand for a
commodity is less than unity, a decrease in
price would result in.
a. a less than proportionate change in the
quantity purchased
b. a more than proportionate change in
the quantity purchased
c. an increase in the total expenditure on
the product
d. a shift in the demand curve
118. Income elasticity of demand equals
a. Proportionate change in income of the
consumer
Proportionate change in quantity
demanded of a commodity
b. Proportionate change in quantity
demanded of a commodity
Proportionate change in income of the
consumer
c. Proportionate change in price of the
commodity
Proportionate change in income of the
consumer
d. Proportionate change in income of the
consumer
Proportionate change in price of the
commodity
119. Dumping involves
a. selling at lower prices in the market'
b. price discrimination between the two
markets.
c. surplus production at lower cost
d. price discrimination between the home
market and foreign market.
120. Which one of the following views about
profit could be associated with the name of
frank Knight?
a. Profit is an implicit return to owned
factors
b. profit is a reward for innovation.
c. profit is closely tied with risk and
uncertainty.
d. profit is merely the earnings of
monopoly
1. Which one of the following is correct
under perfect competition?
a. AR curve is a straight line and parallel
to X-axis
b. AR curve is a straight line and parallel
to Y-axis
c. AR curve is a convex to origin
d. AR curve is a concave to origin
2. the effectiveness of monetary policy in a
recession will be reduced if
a. The level of borrowing is highly
responsive to small changes in the
level of interest rate
b. The security prices start to go up as
soon as the cheap money policy is
initiated.
c. Money holders prefer to retain money
rather then buy securities at any lower
rate.
d. The "asset demand" or "liquidity
demand" for money is very low
3. The essential difference between money
and non-money assets is that
a. Money is a means of payments
whereas non-money assets are stores
of value
b. Money is a measure of value whereas
non – money assets are stores of value,
money is a generally accepted means
of payment.
c. Money yields non-pecuniary income
whereas non-money assets yield
pecuniary income
4. Which one of the following functions of
money helps it to become a link between
the present and the future?
a. measure of value
b. Store of value
c. medium of exchange
d. Transfer of value
5. Which one of the following functions of
money can be categorised as its contingent
functions?
a. To act as a medium of exchange
b. To work as a measure of value
c. To work as a standard of deferred
payment
d. To help in equalising the marginal
utility and marginal productivity
6. Friend man asserts that the Quantity.
Theory of Money is basically a theory of
a. the demand for money
b. The price level
c. Money income
d. the value of money
7. 'V' in MV = PT and 'K' in M= KT P are
a. The same'
b. not related
c. interdependent
d. The reciprocals of each other
8. Monopolistic exploitation of labour occurs
when
a. wage is less than marginal revenue
product
b. both wage and marginal revenue
product are equal
c. wage is more than the marginal
revenue product
d. Wage is equal to marginal physical
product.
9. Under the Keynesian Liquidity trap
conditions, an increase in money supply
will
a. reduce the rate of interest
b. both wage and marginal revenue
product are equal
c. wage is more than the marginal
revenue product
d. Wage is equal to marginal physical
product.
10. Under the Keynesian Liquidity trap
conditions, an increase in money supply
will
a. deposit mobilization in India
b. branch expansion in various parts of
the world
c. financing India's foreign trade
d. lending to weaker sections in India
11. Excess reserves of member banks equal
a. a total reserves minus required reserves
minus bank borrowing from the
Central Bank.
b. required reserves minus member bank
borrowing at the Central Bank
c. Total reserves minus free reserves
d. total reserve minus required reserves
12. Which one of the following statements
correctly defines the Balance Sheet of a
commercial bank?
a. It is index of its financial position
b. It is an account of its profit and loss
c. It is a statement of the volume of
business done by the bank
d. It is a statement of the foreign
exchange business of the bank
13. The following is a list of banks other than
the Central Bank. Which one of them can
create money?
a. Commercial banks
b. Industrial development banks
c. Agricultural banks
d. Exchange banks
14. Which one of the following is not a
function of commercial banks?
a. Advancing loans
b. Accepting deposits
c. Issuing notes
d. Discounting bills of exchange
15. During inflation, a family with an
unchanged real disposable income and an
unchanged stock of fixed-rupee financial
assets
a. is likely to increase its real
consumption expenditures
b. finds the real value of its financial
assets rising
c. is likely to reduce its real consumption
expenditures
d. is in no way affected by inflation.
16. In which one of the following situations
should a country pursue a cheap money
policy?
a. Balance of payments is unfavorable
b. Price-are rising
c. Gold is likely to flow out of the
country
d. Level of employment is low
17. Normally, a country exports the
commodity which is intensive in the use of
its relatively abundant factor and imports
the commodity which is intensive in the
use of its relatively scarce factor. this has
reference to.
a. Harberler's theory of opportunity cost
in international trade
b. J.S. Mill's theory of reciprocal demand
c. Heckscher – Ohlin's theorem
d. None of the above
18. Match List 1 with List 2 and select the
correct answer using the codes given
below the lists.
List I
A. Absolute advantage
B. The doctrine of comparative cost
C. Investment multiplier
List II
1. J.S. Mill
2. J.M Keynes
3. David Ricardo
4. Adam Smith
Codes: A B C
a. 4 3 2
b. 3 1 2
c. 4 2 3
d. 2 3 4
19. Trade as an 'engine of growth" has in the
past operated in the
a. world as a whole
b. nineteenth century
c. developing countries
d. twentieth century
20. Trade in invisibles refers to
a. unrecorded trade'
b. smuggling'
3 of 13
c. trade in military goods
d. trade in services
21. the following figures are based on the
balance of payments accounts:
Imports....................... Rs.400 crores
Exports....................... Rs.340 crores
Shipping..................... Rs.3 crores
Travel, tourism etc..... Rs. 5 crores
Interest, dividends, profits... Rs.50 crores
Migrants' funds................Rs. 1 crores
Government..................... Rs 40 crores
The balance of trade is
a. + Rs. 740 crores
b. –Rs. 740 crores
c. + Rs. 60 crores
d. –Rs. 60 croes
22. With perfectly elastic supply of exports
and imports, an essential condition for an
improvement in the balance of payments
through devaluation is that the sum of
price elasticity's of demand for export (nx)
should be.
a. greater than one
b. equal to one
c. less than one
d. equal to zero
23. Consider the following statements
Given the domestic price level and
exchange rate, an improvement in the
balance of trade deficit can be effected
through
1. a contraction in domestic income
2. an expansion in domestic income
3. A contraction in income in foreign
countries
4. an expansion in income in foreign
countries
Of these statements
a. 1 and 3 are correct
b. 2 and 3 are correct
c. 2 and 4 are correct
d. 1 and 4 are correct
24. match List I with List II and select the
correct answer from the codes given below
the Lists:
List I (Name of the author)
A. F.Y. Edgeworth
B. Prebisch – Singer
C. Jacob Viner
List II (Important concept in
International Trade)
1. Box diagram
2. Trade diversion and Trade creation
effects of customs union
3. Secular deterioration of terms of trade
of developing countries
Codes: A B C
a. 1 3 2
b. 2 3 1
c. 3 1 2
d. 1 2 3
25. Which one of the following institutions
offers loans from a "Soft Loan Window"?
a. International Finance Corporation
b. International Monetary Fund
c. International Bank for Reconstruction
and Development
d. International Development Agency
26. The scope for trade- creation effect is the
largest if production structures in the
countries forming the customs union are
production structures in the countries
forming the customs union are
a. Primarily complementary
b. Primarily competitive'
c. Both complementary and competitive
d. Reffect each other
27. In a two country model, factors of
production viz, labour and capital, are
more efficient in one country than the
other, factor proportions are the same in
both the countries. the production
possibilities curves of the two countries
will resemble those set in the following
figure
One can easily infer from the above figure
that there is no possibility of trade between
the two countries, because
4 of 13
a. relative costs are identical
b. relative costs are different
c. real costs are different
d. real costs are identical
28.
In the Above diagram country A's offer
curve is α and the of B's is α β which is a
straight line originating from O. Under
free trade, equilibrium will be at P and α
terms of trade are given by OP. A tariff
imposed by A will change A's offer curve
to α1 thereby reducing volume of trade
without changing the terms of trade. In
such a situation the optimum tariff for
country A should be
a. zero
b. unity
c. infinity
d. 200%
29. The mechanism of the gold standard
implies within the framework of its rules
a. symmetric adjustment of both surplus
and deficit countries
b. neutralization of gold flows
c. the adjustment burden put wholly on
the deficit country
d. the adjustment burden put wholly on
the surplus country
30. Currently, the value of SDR is fixed in
terms of
a. gold
b. dollar
c. a basket of 16 currencies
d. a basket of 5 currencies
31. Devaluation works better if
a. it is accompanied by a decline in short
term interest rates
b. foreign demand for the devaluing
country's exports is price elastic
c. the devaluing country's demand for
imports is inelastic
d. devaluation raised the price of exports
32. In the initial stages of development,
population explosion occurs primarily due
to
a. a sharp increase in birth rate
b. a sharp decrease in death rate
c. a fall in both birth and death rates
d. increases rate of immigration
33. The empirical evidence testifies that as an
economy develops the percentage share of
the primary sector in the national income.
a. increases
b. remains constant
c. decreases
d. decrease initially and then increases
34. Dualism in development economics refers
to
a. dual price policy
b. co-existence of modern and traditional
sectors
c. co-existence of private and public
sectors
d. Co-existence of institutional and noninstitutional
agencies
35. Prebisch-Singer thesis enunciates that an
important factor inhibiting the growth of
developing countries has been
a. the secular deterioration in terms of
trade experienced by them in
commodity trade
b. high population growth rate
c. lack of effective demand in the
domestic economy
d. low rate of domestic saving and
investment
36. Calculating the size of gaps as per
Chenery's two gap model, what will be the
" savings gap" if the target growth rate of
national real income in 6 percent, the
capital out put ratio is 3: 1, the marginal
saving rate is 13 percent and the initial
savings ratio is also 13 percent?
a. 7 %
b. 6%
c. 5%
d. 4%
37. In the keynesian system, all fall in money
wage rate will lead to:
a. an increase in employment
b. a decrease in the price level
c. an increase in the interest rate
d. a decrease in the quantity of money
38. Phillips curve shows the relation between
the
a. percentage of wage increase and the
percentage of unemployment of
economy's labour force
b. percentage of wage' increase and the
percentage of increased employment of
economy's labour force
c. percentage of price change and the
percentage of change in income
d. percentage of price change and the
percentage of change in demand.
39. In the Ricardian model, a higher growth
rate of accumulation will.
a. postpone the stationary state
b. hasten the stationary state
c. reduce the population growth rate
d. cause increasing returns to emerge
40. If a tax system collects Rs 100 from
individuals with income of Rs. 1000 and
Rs. 150 from individuals with income of
Rs. 2000, the tax system is said to be
a. regressive
b. progressive
c. proportional
d. none of the above
41. The real value of tax on a given level of
real income under progressive income
taxation
a. rises under inflation
b. decreases under inflation
c. remains unchanged under inflation
d. rises under depression
42. Mahalanobis plan model adopted in India
in the fifties aimed at.
a. building a strong defence industry base
b. setting up heavy industries which
were capital intensive
c. curbing inflation in the economy
d. removing unemployment without short
43. The selective regional planning approach
aim at
a. selecting specific regions in a country
for optimum development
b. providing equal investment in selected
regions
c. equal development rates for all regions
in selected sectors
d. deliberate unequal development rates
for the different regions of the
economy
44. Of the following states, per capita net state
domestic product in India during 1988-89
(current prices) was the highest in
45. Liquidity trap refers to
a. Punjab
b. Kerala
c. Haryana
d. Nagaland
46. Of the following states, per capita net state
domestic product in India during 1988-90
works out to 5.2 percent at 1980-81 prices.
Given a capital output ratio of 4.1, what is
the estimated saving rate, assuming not
foreign aid?
a. 9.3 percent
b. 20 percent
c. 21.3 percent
d. 24.4 percent
47. Indian's GDP at factor cost, measured in
1980-81 prices, had grown during 1988-89
at around
a. 5%
b. 10%
c. 15%
d. 3%
48. Population growth rate in India was
negative in
a. 1901-11
b. 1911-21
c. 1921-31
d. 1931-41
49. Which one of the following makes up the
common aim of economic planning during
successive Five Year plan of India?
a. Reduction of disparities in income and
wealth
b. Expansion of employment
c. Prevention of concentration of
economic power
d. prevention of concentration of
economic power
50. Of all the additional rural programmes,
which one of the following was stressed
during the Sixth plan?
a. Integrated rural development
b. Rural literacy development
c. Rural railways
d. Advanced communication link for
rural people
51. Which one of the following is true in
respect of the balance of payment at the
end of the first half of the Second five
Year Plan of India?
a. A surplus resulted from an excess of
exports over imports
b. A deficit on trade was covered by
surplus on invisible account
c. balance of payment was undisturbed
and not new problem arose here
d. A foreign exchange problem appeared
52. Which one of the following was a feature
of India's third Five year Plan?
a. Integrated Rural DEvelopment Project
b. Rural works Programme
c. Special Jute Development Project
d. Special Oilseeds Development Project
53. Which one of the following is the main
cause for the relisation of modest
agricultural targets of India's first Five
year Plan?
a. Abolition of intermediaries
b. The markets set up for selling new
reproducible capital to farmers.
c. 'Co-operative commonwealth' in the
rural sector
d. Good monsoons
54. Reviewing the over-all achievements of
planning in all the Five Year Plan, the
Government daft of the sixth Plan
mentions: "It is a cause of legitimate
national pride that over this period no
stagnant and dependent economy has been
modernized and made more self-reliant".
Then which model of development are
these achievements ascribed?
a. Gandhian Model
b. Mahalanobis model
c. Marxian model
d. Agricultural Fundamentalists' model
55. Which one of the following resources is
the most crucial input in India's new
agriculture, technology, responsible for the
Green Revolution?
a. Fertilizers
b. HYV seeds
c. Agricultural Machinery
d. Irrigation
56. Which one of the following states has
made the least progress in respect of
consolidation of holdings?
a. Bihar
b. Uttar Pradesh
c. West Bengal
d. Orissa
57. Which one of the following is the
approximate figure of consumption of
chemical fertilizers in lakh tones during
1990-91?
58. Since 1982 which one of the following
financial institutions has been play the
greatest role in supplying and overseeing
rural credit in India?
a. Co-operative credit societies
b. Regional rural banks
c. NABARD
d. Public Sector Banks
59. Irrigation potential and untilisation in large
and medium scale irrigation projects,
1950-85.
Years Prudential
irrigated area
(lakh ha)
Area utilised
(lakh ha)
1950-51
1960-61
1968-69
1979-80
1984-85
97
143
181
266
305
97
131
170
226
253
The above table shows that the ratio of
utilisation area to potential area irrigated is
a. fluctuating
b. decreasing with one exceptional year
c. nearly constant
d. increasing with one or two exceptional
years
60. Match List I with List II and select the
correct answer using the codes given
below the lists
List I (Crops)
A. Tea
B. Coffee
C. Tobacco
D. Milk from HYV cows
List II (Dominant system so marketing
of output)
1. Government marketing Board or
Agency
2. Auction market
3. marketing Co-operatives
4. Private marketing agencies
Codes: A B C D
a. 1 2 3 4
b. 2 4 1 3
c. 2 1 4 3
d. 4 2 1 3
91. Assertion (A): It is difficult to replicate the
development process of the developed
countries in the less developed countries.
Reason (R): Presently less developed
countries are to start from much lower
economic levels than was true for the
presently developed countries.
a. Both A and R are true and R is the
correct explanation
b. Both A and R are true but R is not a
correct explanation
c. A is true but R is false
d. A is false R is true
92. Assertion (A): There has been a steady
decline in relative poverty in India.
Reason (R): New economic reforms
(1991) are anti-poverty oriented.
a. Both A and R are true and R is the
correct explanation
b. Both A and R are true but R is not a
correct explanation
c. A is true but R is false
d. A is false R is true
93. Assertion (A): Indian development
planning is oriented towards growth with
social justice
Reason (R): India inherited a colonial
economy.
a. Both A and R are true and R is the
correct explanation
b. Both A and R are true but R is not a
correct explanation
c. A is true but R is false
d. A is false R is true
94. Assertion (A): According to national
Sample Survey, the proportion of poor is
higher in rural India than in urban.
Reason (R): After independence, the
growth rate of industry has been lower
than that of agriculture.
a. Both A and R are true and R is the
correct explanation
b. Both A and R are true but R is not a
correct explanation
c. A is true but R is false
d. A is false R is true
95. Assertion (A): From the point of view of
technique of planning, there was little
difference between India's 2nd and 3rd plan.
Reason (R): Despite sticking to
Mahalanobis model both followed a
balanced development approach.
a. Both A and R are true and R is the
correct explanation
b. Both A and R are true but R is not a
correct explanation
c. A is true but R is false
d. A is false R is true
96. Assertion (A): One of the impediments in
the industrialisation of backward areas in
the lack of adequate infrastructural
facilities.
Reason (R): The growth centre approach
announced in 1988 is government of
India's answer to the problem of poor
industrialisation in backward areas.
a. Both A and R are true and R is the
correct explanation
b. Both A and R are true but R is not a
correct explanation
c. A is true but R is false
d. A is false R is true
97. Assertion (A): Guaranteeing right to work
is a full employment policy.
Reason (R): This is a necessary condition
for solving unemployment in India.
a. Both A and R are true and R is the
correct explanation
b. Both A and R are true but R is not a
correct explanation
c. A is true but R is false
d. A is false R is true
98. Assertion (A): In November 1990, the
government tried to curb imports.
Reason (R): This was done through credit
policy.
a. Both A and R are true and R is the
correct explanation
b. Both A and R are true but R is not a
correct explanation
c. A is true but R is false
d. A is false R is true
99. Assertion (A): 1991-92 budget attempted
to restore international confidence in
Indian economy.
Reason (R): In 1991 economic reforms
there was a drive towards self-reliance.
a. Both A and R are true and R is the
correct explanation
b. Both A and R are true but R is not a
correct explanation
c. A is true but R is false
d. A is false R is true
100. Assertion (A): The GNP is the value of all
goods and services produced annually in
the nation.
Reason (R): The most comprehensive
measure of nation output is the GNP.
a. Both A and R are true and R is the
correct explanation
b. Both A and R are true but R is not a
correct explanation
c. A is true but R is false
d. A is false R is true
101. national Income denotes
a. revenue of the Government in one year
b. revenue of nationalised enterprises and
banks.
c. budgetary surplus of the government
d. sum total of all factor earnings in the
country
102. In calculating a country's NNP at factor
costs, which on of the following elements
is not included?
a. Rent, interest, wages and profits
b. Supplements to wages paid by
employers under social security
arrangements.
c. Factor payments from abroad
d. Indirect taxes.
103. The size of the gap between actual and
potential GNP is a measure of
a. inflationary gap
b. deflationary gap
c. savings-investment gap
d. natural rate of unemployment
104. In Keynesian economics, given the total
investment expenditure, an increase in the
propensity to save will lead to a
a. fall in the quantity of saving
b. fall in income
c. rise in interest rate
d. rise in income.
105. The intermediate goods are exclude from
GNP because
a. they create the problem of duplication'
b. their value cannot e assessed
c. it is difficult to define such goods
d. such goods do not directly enter into
consumption
106. Disposable income is
a. National Income
b. National Income less direct taxes
c. national Income less direct taxes less
undistributed profits
d. National Income less direct taxes less
undistributed profits plus transfer
payments.
107. Net National Income at market prices is
equal to
a. Gross national product at market prices
minus depreciation
b. Net Domestic Product at market prices
plus or minus earnings from abroad
c. Gross Domestic product minus indirect
taxes and subsidies
d. Gross National Product plus or minus
depreciation.
108. Assume that in a country's national
accounts, the corporate sector's savings
equal its investment. Also, the
government's budget is exactly balanced.
An excess of household savings over its
own investment will be reported as
a. government sector's excess of
investment over savings
b. excess of imports over exports in the
external account.
c. excess of exports over imports in the
external account
d. no change in the external account.
109. In the case of a Cobb-Douglas production
function, output elasticity of an input is
a. a constant
b. unity
c. a function of all the inputs
d. indeterminate
110. A consumer will generally obtain the
greatest total utility from expenditure of a
given income when.
a. the marginal utility of each commodity
purchased is unity
b. the marginal utility of each commodity
purchased is in the same ratio to its
price.
c. the marginal utility of each commodity
purchased is in the same ratio to its
cost of production.
d. the prices of the commodities
purchased are equal to one another.
111. If the price consumption curve is negative,
it is because of one or more of the
following reason.
1. Negative Income effect is stronger than
the substitution effect.
2. Substitution effect is negative.
3. The commodity is Giffengood
Of the reason given above
a. 1 alone is correct
b. 1 and 2 are correct
c. 2 and 3 are correct
d. I and 3 are correct
112. Which one of the following assumptions is
not necessary for the cardinal utility
theory?
a. Rationality of the consumer
b. Constant marginal utility of money
c. Perfectly competitive market
d. Additively of utility
113. If two goods are complements then a rise
in the price of one commodity will induce.
a. an upward shift in the demand for the
other commodity
b. a rise in the price of the other
commodity
c. a downward shift in the demand for the
other commodity
d. no shift in the demand of the other
commodity
13 of 13
114. the relation between average revenue (AR)
marginal revenue (MR) and price elasticity
of demand (Ep) is such that
a. the sum of AR and MR equals the Ep
b. the difference between AR and MR
depends inversely on Ep.
c. the difference between AR and Ep
depends on the value of MR.
d. when AR = MR. Ep = 0
115. Which one of the following statements is
correct?
a. Diminishing and independent marginal
utilities imply convexity of the
indifference curves.
b. Independent utilities and convex
indifference curves imply diminishing
marginal utility of each good.
c. Diminishing marginal utilities and
convex indifference curves imply that
the marginal utility of each commodity
is independent of the quantity of the
other.
d. Thee is no relation between utility and
indifference curve
116. if sales tax on a commodity is raised, but
the revenue earned through its sale
decreases sharply, which one of the
following statements about the nature of
this commodity would be correct?
a. Price elasticity of demand for it is low
b. It must be an essential good
c. Price elasticity of demand for it is high
d. Price elasticity of demand for it is
unity
117. If the price elasticity of demand for a
commodity is less than unity, a decrease in
price would result in.
a. a less than proportionate change in the
quantity purchased
b. a more than proportionate change in
the quantity purchased
c. an increase in the total expenditure on
the product
d. a shift in the demand curve
118. Income elasticity of demand equals
a. Proportionate change in income of the
consumer
Proportionate change in quantity
demanded of a commodity
b. Proportionate change in quantity
demanded of a commodity
Proportionate change in income of the
consumer
c. Proportionate change in price of the
commodity
Proportionate change in income of the
consumer
d. Proportionate change in income of the
consumer
Proportionate change in price of the
commodity
119. Dumping involves
a. selling at lower prices in the market'
b. price discrimination between the two
markets.
c. surplus production at lower cost
d. price discrimination between the home
market and foreign market.
120. Which one of the following views about
profit could be associated with the name of
frank Knight?
a. Profit is an implicit return to owned
factors
b. profit is a reward for innovation.
c. profit is closely tied with risk and
uncertainty.
d. profit is merely the earnings of
monopoly
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APPSC GROUP-2
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