APPSC MATERIAL

Sunday, October 26, 2014

History Snippets

The policy of Blood and Iron was followed by	Bismark
What is the name given to the army commanded by Garibaldi?	Redshirts
Communist manifesto was written by	Karl Marx
'Das kapital' was written by	Karl Marx
Napoleon was defeated finally in which war?	Waterloo
Mazzini founded a revolutionary society called	Young Italy
Congo was discovered by	Cameroon
The highest stage of capitalism is	Imperialism
Which continent was regarded as 'Dark Continent'?	Africa
Which was the first country to fall prey to the Europeans	India
Who were the first to develop trade with India	Portuguese
Russian parliament is called as	Duma
"War is to a nation what maternity is to women" was the principle advocated by	Mussolini
The author of "Mein Kampf" was	Hitler
Robert Mugabe became the first president of	Zimbabwe
Who was the founder of Nazi Party	Hitler
The founder of Fascist Party was	Mussolini
Excavation work of Indus valley civilization was first carried out by	Sir John Marshall
Temples at Mahabalipuram were built by	Narasimhavarman / Pallavas
The immediate Cause of the sepoy mutiny was the use of	Enfield Rifles
The British who succeeded in abolishing the practice of Sati in India was	William Bentinck
The European country which held monopoly over India trade during 16th century was	Portugal
Ramakrishna mission was founded by	Swami Vivekananda
Red Fort located in Delhi was built by	Shahjahan
Great master of Indian medical science was	Charaka
The 1857 Revolt began at	Meerut
The sculpture that existed during Kanishka's period was called	Gandhara Sculpture / Greco-Buddhist Art
The construction of Qutub Minar was completed by	Iltutmish
Hiuen Tsang, the Chinese pilgrim visited India during the reign of	Harsha
The earliest of the Vedas is	Rigveda
Ajanta caves are near	Aurangabad (Maharashtra)
Brihadeshwara Temple was built at	Tanjavur
The builder of Buland Darwaza was	Akbar
The great astronomer of Ancient India	Varahamihira / Aryabhatta
The philosophy advocated by Shankara-charya is known as	Advaita
Founder of Mughal Empire	Babur
What was a striking example of city culture at Mohenjo Daro?	Great Bath
Who produced Vedic literature	Aryans
Tanjavur Brihadeshwara temple built by	Raja Raja Chola
The biggest Nataraja image in the country is at	Chidambaram
Who laid foundation of Indo-Persian school of painting?	Akbar
Indo-Persian architecture was patronized by	Shahjahan
Who gave patronage to Mughul miniature painting?	Jahangir
Which is regarded as very ancient native Indian language?	Sanskrit
Ganapati festival, Shivaji festival were started by	Bala Gangadhar Tilak
The 1857 revolt was called as	First war of Indian Independence
In Chandragupta Vikramaditya's court there were the poets called	Navaratnas
Whose court was adorned by Ashtadiggajas?	Sri Krishna Devaraya
Who were responsible for the rise of Bakthi movement?	Sufi saints
Ramanuja was a worshipper of Vishnu and preached	Vaishnavism
Who popularized the Advaita philosophy?	Shankaracharya
Who founded the Dvaita philosophy?	Madhvacharya
Who founded the Sikh sect?	Guru Nanak
The slogan "Give me blood, I shall give you freedom given by	Subhash Chandra Bose
Who said "Satyameva Jayathe" (Truth alone will win)?	Madan Mohan Malaviya
Who said "Swaraj is my birthright and I shall have it"?	Bal Gangadhar Tilak
Who said -Go back to the Vedas?	Swami Dayanand Saraswati
Who said -Inquilab Zindabad?	Bhagat Singh
Who said 'Do or die'?	Gandhi
The book 'Tughluq Namah' was written by?	Amir Khusrau
The book 'Akbar Namah' was written by?	Abul Fazl
The Rajaraja Temple at Thanjur was built by?	Rajendra Chola 1
Gopuram is an important feature of	Dravidian construction
Tripitakas are sacred books of	Buddhists
The theory of economic drain of India during British imperialism was propounded by	Jawaharlal Nehru
The Vijayanagara ruler, Sri Kirshnadeva Raya's work Amuktamalyada, was in	Telugu
Two of the great Mughals wrote their own memories are	Babur and Jahangir
To which king belongs the Lion capitol at Sarnath?	Ashoka
The language of discourses of Gautama Buddha was	Pali
To whom of the Republic of Buddha belong?	Sakyas
Tipu sultan was the ruler of	Mysore
'The Vedas contain all the truth' was interpreted by	Swami Dayananda
To meet the educational needs of the people, the Madarasa-I Nasiri was built in the regin of	Iltutmish
The Vedic deity Indra was the Goddess of	Rain and Thunder
Pulakesin II was the most famous ruler of	Chalukyas
Under whose leadership was the All India Muslim League set up?	Aga Khan
The Upanishads are	A source of Hindu Philosophy
Who was the first Buddhist pilgrim of China to visit India during the reign of Chandragupta Vikramaditya	Fa-Hien
Who found the Servants of India Society?	Gopala Krishna Gokhale
Who wrote famous epic ‘Shahnama’?	Firdausi
The Salt Satyagraha was held at	Dandi, Gujarat
The leader of the Indian National Army was	Subash Chandra Bose
Minto-Marley reforms were introduced in	1905
Annie Besant belonged to	Ireland
The Home Rule Movement was started by	Annie Besant/Tilak
The leader of moderates was	Gopala Krishna Gokhale
First President of Indian National Congress	W.C. Bonerjee
Muslim league was formed in	1906
Indian National Congress first session was held at	Mumbai
The main objective of the extremist was the attainment of	Swaraj
The partition of Bengal was made in 1905 by	Lord Curzon
Which movement was launched in response to the Partition of Bengal?	Vande Mataram
The hymn of Vande Mataram was written by	Bankim Chandra Chatterjee
Gandhi fought against ____ system at champaran	Tinkathia
Who was responsible for Jallianwala Bagh massacre?	General Dyer
Gandhi took very serious view of the ____ incident and called off the non-cooperation movement	Chauri Chaura
In 1930, the First Round Table Conference held at	London
Gandhi-Irwin pact was signed in	1931
For which award Gandhiji protested against MacDonald	Communal
Gandhi and Ambedkar signed	Poona Pact
Atlee, the Prime Minister of England sent a Cabinet mission to India in	1946
According to ____ plan (1947) the partition of India was happened.	Mountbatten
Who were the first Europeans to come to India and last to leave India?	Portuguese

Indian National Movement Date Wise Snippets

1885	Indian National Congress was formed.
1905	Partition of Bengal by Curzon.
1906	All India Muslim league was formed.
1911	1911 - Annulment of the partition of Bengal.
1917	Champaran movement
1919	Rowlatt Act passed - The act curbed the fundamental rights such as freedom of expression and strengthened the police powers.
1919	Jallianwalabagh Massacre. In protest Tagore renounced his knighthood.
1920	Khilafat movement. Gandhi took it as an opportunity for Muslim-Hindu unity and supported the movement.
1920	Non Cooperation movement. British titles were surrendered. Import of foreign cloth fell drastically between 1920 and 1922.
1920	Gandhi called off the Non Cooperation movement.
1922	Chauri chaura incident - killing 22 policemen.
1927	Simon Commission: the Commission was to recommend further constitutional reforms. It was headed by Sir John Simon. It contained all white members. When the Simon came to Indian he was greeted with black flags as a mark of protest by the Indians with raised slogans stating - "Simon Go Back".
1928	Nehru Report: It demanded responsible government advocated dominion states. It was not for complete independence. It demanded universal suffrage. It rejected separated communal elections.
1929	Irwin Offer: It proposed a vague offer of 'dominion status' for India in an unspecified future and a Round Table Conference to discuss a future constitution after publication of the Simon Report.
1929	Lahore Session of Congress: The president was Jawahar Lal Nehru. It took the decision boycotting Round Table Conference. "Purna Swaraj" was adopted as the main aim of the Congress under the presidentship of J.L.Nehru. It launched a programme of civil disobedience. On Dec 31, 1929, Tricolor was hoisted at the Shore of Ravi.
1930	Civil Disobedience Movement started with the Dandi March on 12th March 1930 to break the salt law under the leadership of Gandhi. 26th January, 1930 - observed as "Independence day" all over the country.
1930	First Round Table Conference: It was the first ever conference arranged between British and Indians as equal. Congress boycotted it. However Motilal Nehru, Liberals and princes attended it.
1931	Second Round Table Conference: Gandhi attended only one round table conference and that is the second roundtable conference.
1931	Gandhi-Irwin pact: It offered that all political prisoners would be released except Bhagat singh, Rajguru and Sukhdev. Right to make salt was accepted. Gandhi agreed to suspend the Civil Disobedience Movement and participate in the second session of Round Table Conference.
1932	Third Round Table Conference: Majority leaders of INC did not participate. The outcome of the conference was published on a "White paper" based on which the British government passed Government of India Act of 1935.
1932	Ramsay MacDonald proposed separate electorate for minority community including Dalits. The proposal was supported by B.R.Ambedkar but it was fully opposed by Gandhi.
1932	Poona Pact: Gandhi felt that separate electorate would disintegrate the society on caste lines and would lead to permanent division in the society. To avoid such a situation Gandhi went on for hunger strike for 21 days in Yerrawada central jail. The issue was finally resolved between B.R.Ambedkar and Gandhi by signing the historic Poona Pact. Gandhi devoted himself to the Harijan Cause, for which he started a newspaper called "Harijan".
1935	Government of India act 1935 prescribed provincial autonomy and the government announced elections to the provincial legislatures in 1937. Congress formed government in 6 out of 11 provinces.
1942	Cripps Missions: The British government wanted India to fully co-operate to it during World War-II and made few proposals to League and Congress and promised them of independence after the war. But the proposals were rejected by both the parties and hence the Cripps Mission was a failure.
1942	Gandhi called for Quit India movement DO or DIE to fight the British. Communication and symbols of the state authority were attacked all over the country.
1945	Wavell Plan: which suggested that all portfolios except Defence would be held by the Indian members. The Plan also suggested the reconstitution of the Viceroy's Executive Council and the political parties have to nominate few candidates from their party out of whom the viceroy would select candidate of his choice for the Executive Council.
1945	Shimla Conference: To discuss these proposals and for a better future India, Wavell called all the political parties for their opinion to Shimla and this conference is popularly called as Shimla conference. Differences arose between Congress and League about the representation of Muslim community. The conference was a failure.
1946	Cabinet Mission: The mission consisted of Lord Pethick-Lawrence, the Secretary of State for India, Sir Stafford Cripps, President of the Board of Trade and A. V. Alexander, the First Lord of the Admiralty. The mission suggested that India should remain united and constitute itself as a loose federation with some autonomy for Muslim majority areas. Both Congress and League did not agree to specific details of the proposal.
1946	Direct Action Day - Muslim League announced 16th august 1946 as Direct action day. On this day riots broke in Calcutta lasting for several days. By March 1947 violence spread to different parts of northern India.
1947	Indian Independence Act 1947: It was the Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom and it received the royal assent on 18 July 1947. According to this act the British India was to be divided into two states namely India and Pakistan.
On 15th August 1947	India became independent.

The word cyclone has been derived from Greek word ‘cyclos’ which means ‘coiling of a snake’. The word cyclone was coined by Heary Piddington who worked as a Rapporteur in Kolkata during British rule. The terms “hurricane” and “typhoon” are region specific names for a strong “tropical cyclone”. Tropical cyclones are called “Hurricanes” over the Atlantic Ocean and “Typhoons” over the Pacific Ocean.

A tropical cyclone is a rotational low pressure system in tropics when the central pressure falls by 5 to 6 hPa from the surrounding and maximum sustained wind speed reaches 34 knots (about 62 kmph). It is a vast violent whirl of 150 to 800 km, spiraling around a centre and progressing along the surface of the sea at a rate of 300 to 500 km a day.

Cyclone Prone Areas in India General Essays

India has a coastline of about 7,516 km of which 5,400 km is along the mainland. The entire coast is affected by cyclones with varying frequency and intensity. Although the North Indian Ocean (the Bay of Bengal and Arabian Sea) generates only about 7% of the world's cyclones (5 to 6 Tropical Cyclones per year) their impact is comparatively high and devastating, especially when they strike the coasts bordering the North Bay of Bengal.

Thirteen coastal states and Union Territories (UTs) in the country are affected by tropical cyclones. Four states (Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Orissa and West Bengal) and one UT (Puducherry) on the east coast and one state (Gujarat) on the west coast are more vulnerable to cyclone hazards.

The India Meteorological Department (IMD) is the nodal government agency that provides weather services related to cyclones in India.

Classification of Cyclones in India: The criteria followed by Meteorological Department of India (IMD) to classify the low pressure systems in the Bay of Bengal and in the Arabian Sea as adopted by World Meteorological Organisation (WMO) are as under:

Type of Disturbances	Associated Wind Speed in the Circulation
Low pressure Area	Less than17 knots (<31 kmph="" p="">
Depression	17 to 27 knots (31 to 49 kmph)
Deep Depression	28 to 33 knots (50 to 61 kmph)
Cyclonic Storm	34 to 47 knots (62 to 88 kmph)
Severe Cyclonic Storm	48 to 63 knots (89 to 118 kmph)
Very Severe Cyclonic Storm	64 to 119 knots (119 to 221 kmph)
Super Cyclonic Storm	120 knots and above (222 kmph and above)

Recent Cyclones of Andhra Pradesh

Name of the Cyclone	Year of Occurrence
Hudhud	12 October 2014
Lehar	25 November 2013
Helen	21 November 2013
Nilam	October 2012
Laila	May 2010
Khai-Muk	November 2008
Yemyin	June 2007

The recent deadly cyclones that hit Indian coastCyclone Phailin (2013) – The Cyclone Phailin is a category 5 storm that struck the Odisha and Andhra coast on 11 October 2013 causing massive destruction in the region- affecting 12 million people. Phailin is a Thai word which means Sapphire. This cyclone prompted India's biggest evacuation in 23 years with more than 5,50,000 people being moved from the coastline in Odisha and Andhra Pradesh to safer shelters. Phailin brought very heavy rain of over 600 mm at many stations of Odisha. It also damaged crops worth Rs 2,400 crore and claimed over 40 lives. Loses due to Cyclone Phailin were estimated to be around rupees 420 crore.

Cyclone Nilam (2012) - Cyclonic Storm Nilam was the deadliest tropical cyclone to directly affect south India that made landfall near Mahabalipuram on October 31 as a strong cyclonic storm with peak winds of 85 kmph. Nilam caused economic losses of around Rs 100 crore because of torrential rain.

Cyclone Thane (2011) - Thane was the strongest tropical cyclone of 2011 that became a very severe cyclonic storm on December 28, as it approached the Indian states of Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh and made landfall at north Tamil Nadu coast between Cuddalore and Puducherry on December 30. Thane left at least 46 people dead in Tamil Nadu and Puducherry. Cuddalore and Puducherry were the worst affected areas.

Cyclone Laila (2010) - Severe cyclonic storm Laila made a landfall in Andhra Pradesh on the 20 May 2010 and caused major flooding and damage along its path. Ongole in Andhra Pradesh recorded heavy rainfall of about 460 mm in just two days. Another town Addanki received the highest rainfall of 522 mm. The state government faced a loss of over Rs 500 crore due to Cyclone Laila.

Cyclone Jal (2010) - Cyclone Jal killed at least 54 people in India alone. About 300 thousand hectares of cropland was devastated by the cyclone. The remnants of Jal continued to move northwest, brought light to moderate spells of rain in India's warmest state of Rajasthan and also in Gujarat.

Cyclone Phyan (2009) - Cyclonic Storm Phyan developed as a tropical disturbance in the Arabian Sea to the southwest of Colombo in Sri Lanka on November 4, 2009 and made landfall in south India on November 7. Massive damage to property was reported in coastal districts of Maharashtra, such as Ratnagiri, Raigad, Sindhudurg, Thane and Palghar.

Cyclone Nisha (2008) - Over 180 people were killed in Tamil Nadu alone due to heavy rain and floods caused by the cyclone. Orathanadu, in Thanjavur District in Tamil Nadu received over 990 mm of rain within 24 hours. The total amount of rainfall received from Nisha was about 1280 mm. The damage caused by the cyclone was estimated to be about 3789 crores.

The 30 Deadliest Tropical Cyclones in World History

Rank	Name / Areas of Largest Loss	Year	Ocean Area	Deaths
1.	Great Bhola Cyclone, Bangladesh	1970	Bay of Bengal	500,000
2.	Hooghly River Cyclone, India and Bangladesh	1737	Bay of Bengal	300,000
3.	Haiphong Typhoon, Vietnam	1881	West Pacific	300,000
3.	Coringa, India	1839	Bay of Bengal	300,000
5.	Backerganj Cyclone, Bangladesh	1584	Bay of Bengal	200,000
6.	Great Backerganj Cyclone, Bangladesh	1876	Bay of Bengal	200,000
7.	Chittagong, Bangladesh	1897	Bay of Bengal	175,000
8.	Super Typhoon Nina, China	1975	West Pacific	171,000
9.	Cyclone 02B, Bangladesh	1991	Bay of Bengal	140,000
9.	Cyclone Nargis, Myanmar	2008	Bay of Bengal	140,000
11.	Great Bombay Cyclone, India	1882	Arabian Sea	100,000
12.	Hakata Bay Typhoon, Japan	1281	West Pacific	65,000
13.	Calcutta, India	1864	Bay of Bengal	60,000
14.	Swatlow, China	1922	West Pacific	60,000
15.	Barisal, Bangladesh	1822	Bay of Bengal	50,000
15.	Sunderbans coast, Bangladesh	1699	Bay of Bengal	50,000
15.	India	1833	Bay of Bengal	50,000
15.	India	1854	Bay of Bengal	50,000
19.	Bengal Cyclone, Calcutta, India	1942	Bay of Bengal	40,000
19.	Bangladesh	1912	Bay of Bengal	40,000
19.	Bangladesh	1919	Bay of Bengal	40,000
22.	Canton, China	1862	West Pacific	37,000
23.	Backerganj (Barisal), Bangladesh	1767	Bay of Bengal	30,000
24.	Barisal, Bangladesh	1831	Bay of Bengal	22,000
25.	Great Hurricane, Lesser Antilles Islands	1780	Atlantic	22,000
26.	Devi Taluk, SE India	1977	Bay of Bengal	20,000
26.	Great Coringa Cyclone, India	1789	Bay of Bengal	20,000
28.	Bangladesh	1965 (11 May)	Bay of Bengal	19,279
29.	Nagasaki Typhoon, Japan	1828	Western Pacific	15,000
30.	Bangladesh	1965 (31 May)	Bay of Bengal	12,000

India's Mars Mission: A Fact File

India made history by successfully placing its spacecraft in orbit around Mars on 24th September, 2014. It became the first country in the world to succeed in such an inter-planetary mission in the maiden attempt itself. In the early hours ISRO's Mars Orbiter Mission (MOM) spacecraft was successfully slowed down to be captured by the Red Planet's gravity. Earlier on September 22, 2014, 440 Newton Liquid Apogee Motor (LAM) was successfully test fired. Only the US, Europe and Russia have previously sent missions to Mars, but India is the first country to succeed on its first attempt.

ISRO's Mars Orbiter Mission is India's first interplanetary mission to planet Mars with an orbiter craft designed to orbit Mars in an elliptical orbit. The Mission is primarily a technological mission involves in the capability to survive and perform Earth bound manoeuvres, cruise phase of 300 days, MARS orbit insertion and capture and on-orbit around MARS, Deep space mission planning and communication management.

Exploration of Mar's surface features; morphology, mineralogy and Martian atmosphere by indigenous scientific instruments are the major objectives of the mission.

The Mars orbiter satellite consists of the following payloads: Civils

Lyman-alpha Photometer (LAP) measures deuterium and hydrogen from lyman-alpha emission in the Martian upper atmosphere. Measurement of D/H (Deuterium to Hydrogen abundance Ratio) allows us to understand especially the loss process of water from the planet.

Methane Sensor for Mars (MSM) is designed to measure Methane in the Martian atmosphere and map its sources. Data is acquired only over illuminated scene as the sensor measures reflected solar radiation. Methane concentration in the Martian atmosphere undergoes spatial and temporal variations.

Mars Exospheric Neutral Composition Analyser (MENCA) is a quadruple mass spectrometer capable of analyzing the neutral composition in the range of 1 to 300 amu with unit mass resolution. The heritage of this payload is from Chandraayan Altitudinal Composition Explorer (CHACE) payload. MENCA is a quadrupole mass spectrometer based scientific payload, capable of measuring relative abundances of neutral constituents in the mass range of 1 to 300 amu, with a unit mass resolution.

Mars Colour Camera (MCC) This Mars colour camera gives images and information about the surface features and composition of Martian surface. They are useful to monitor the dynamic events and weather of Mars. MCC will also be used for probing the two satellites of Mars-Phobos & Deimos. It also provides the context information for other science payloads.

Thermal Infrared Imaging Spectrometer (TIS) TIS measure the thermal emission and can be operated during both day and night. Temperature and emissivity are the two basic physical parameters estimated from thermal emission measurement. Many minerals and soil types have characteristic spectra in TIR region. TIS can map surface composition and mineralogy of Mars.

Important Terminologies in the Mars Mission Civils

Hohmann Transfer Orbit — or a Minimum Energy Transfer Orbit — to send a spacecraft from Earth to Mars with the least amount of fuel possible. In orbital mechanics, the Hohmann transfer orbit is an elliptical orbit used to transfer between two circular orbits of different radii in the same plane. The orbital manoeuvre to perform the Hohmann transfer uses two engine impulses, one to move a spacecraft onto the transfer orbit and a second to move off it. This manoeuvre was named after Walter Hohmann, the German scientist who published a description in it.

Sphere of Influence (501) is the oblate-spheroid-shaped region around a celestial body where the primary gravitational influence on an orbiting object is that body. This is usually used to describe the areas in the Solar System where planets dominate the orbits of surrounding objects (such as moons), despite the presence of the much more massive (but distant) Sun.

Parking Orbit is a temporary orbit used during the launch of a satellite or other space probe. A launch vehicle boosts into the parking orbit, and then coasts for a while, then fires again to enter the final desired trajectory. The alternative to a parking orbit is direct injection, where the rocket fires continuously (except during staging) until its fuel is exhausted, ending with the payload on the final trajectory.

Liquid Apogee Motor (LAM) refers to a liquid fuelled rocket motor that is regularly employed on artificial satellites destined for a geostationary orbit. In Mangalyan mission 440 Newton Liquid Apogee Motor was used to give thrust to the satellite to place itself into orbit of Mars from the heliocentric orbit.

Lyman-alpha Emission is the result of the series of transitions and resulting ultraviolet emission lines of the hydrogen atom as an electron goes from higher energy level to the lowest energy level(n=1) of the electron. The transitions are named sequentially by Greek letters, from n 2 to n1 is called Lyman-alpha, 3 to 1 is Lyman-beta, 4 to 1 is Lyman-gamma, etc.

Methane and Life Scientists are of the view that presence of Methane in Mars's atmosphere can be an indicator of life. Methanogenesis (production of methane) is the final step in the decay of organic matter. It occurs in the guts of humans and other animals, especially ruminants. The useful products of methanogenesis are absorbed by the alimentary canal, but methane is released from the animal mainly by belching. The average cow emits around 250 litres of methane per day.

Methane has a chemical lifetime of about 300-600 years, which is very short on geological time scales. This implies that the methane that is observed today cannot have been produced 4.5 billion years ago, when the planets formed. The one possibility as the scientists argue could be biological.

Mars Orbiter Mission Launch VehiclePSLV-C25, twenty fifth flight of PSLV launched Mars Orbiter Mission Spacecraft from the First Launch Pad at Satish Dhawan Space Centre SHAR, Sriharikota.

The challenging PSLV-C25 mission is optimised for the launch of Mars Orbiter Mission spacecraft into a highly elliptical Earth orbit with a perigee (nearest point to Earth) of 250 km and an apogee (farthest point to Earth) of 23,500 km with an inclination of 19.2 degree with respect to the equator.

PSLV- C25 Stages at a Glance
	STAGE-1	PSOM-XL	STAGE-2	STAGE-3	STAGE-4
Propellant	Solid (HTPB Based)	Solid (HTPB Based)	Liquid (UH25 + N2O4)	Solid (HTPB Based)	Liquid (MMH + MON-3)
Propellant Mass (Tonne)	138	12.2	42	7.6	2.5
Peak Thrust (kN)	4800	718	799	247	7.3 X 2
Burn Time (sec)	103	50	148	112	525
Diameter (m)	2.8	1	2.8	2.0	2.8
Length (m)	20	12	12.8	3.6	2.7

HTPB : Hydroxyl Terminated Poly Butadine
UH 25 : Unsymmetrical di-methyl hydrazine + 25% Hydrazine Hydrate
N2O4 : Nitrogen Tetroxide
MMH : Mono Methyl Hydrazine
MON-3 : Mixed Oxides of Nitrogen

Asian Games: A Fact File

The 2014 Asian Games were held in Incheon, South Korea from September 19 — October 4, 2014. China topped the medals table for the ninth time followed by South Korea and Japan. China won 151 gold medals ahead of the 79 won by host South Korea. Most Valuable Player award was won by Japanese swimmer Kosuke Hagino, who won seven medals including four individual gold medals. India finished eighth with 11 gold, 10 silver and 36 bronze.

Some of the Highlights of Indian performances in Asian Games 2014:

» India's performance in Incheon went slightly down from 14 gold medals to 11 compared to Guangzhou 2010.
» Four of the gold medals came in athletics (two) and kabaddi (two) while archery, boxing, hockey, shooting, squash, tennis and wrestling accounted for the rest.
» In shooting Jitu Rai won the first gold for India by beating the strong contenders like Wang Zhiwei of China and reigning world champion Jongoh of South Korea to win the gold.
» Yogeshwar Dutt ended India's 28-year-old gold medal drought in the wrestling to win the men's freestyle 65kg gold.
» In tennis Sania and Saketh Myneni won the a mixed doubles gold.
» After 16 years India won the Gold medal in Asian Games men's hockey tournament, and consequently earned a direct berth to the 2016 Summer Olympics hockey tournament.
» India completed a twin gold on the kabaddi after the men and women team defeated Iran.
» Indian men's squash team won a historic Asian Games gold medal beating Malaysia 2-0.
» In the closing ceremony the OCA flag were handed over to the people's representatives of the next Games in 2018 to be held in Jakarta, Indonesia.
» Spotted seal siblings ‘Three Spotted Seal Siblings’ was the official mascot of the Games in Songdo Island, Incheon. The three seals, known as "Barame ", "Chumuro" and "Vichuon ", means wind, dance and light in Korean language, is in accordance with the theme of main venue.

Top Ten Countries Medal Tally-Asian Games 2014

Rank	Country	Gold	Silver	Bronze	Total
1	China	151	108	83	342
2	Korea	79	71	84	234
3	Japan	47	76	77	200
4	Kazakhstan	28	23	33	84
5	Iran	21	18	18	57
6	Thailand	12	7	28	47
7	DPR Korea	11	11	14	36
8	India	11	10	36	57
9	Chinese Taipei	10	18	23	51
10	Qatar	10	0	4	14

17th ASIAN GAMES 2014 General Knowledge

Duration: September 19, 2014 - October 4, 2014 (16 days)
Venues: In and around Incheon Metropolitan City, South Korea
Participants: About 13,000 athletes and officials and about 7,000 media from the 45 OCA member states
Host: The Olympic Council of Asia (OCA)
Organizer: The 2014 Incheon Asian Games Organizing Committee (IAGOC)
No. of Sports: 36

ASIAN GAMES 2014 Sports:Aquatics, Archery, Athletics, Badminton, Basketball, Boxing, Canoe and Kayak, Cycling, Equestrian, Fencing, Football, Golf, Gymnastics, Handball, Hockey, Judo, Modern Pentathlon, Rowing, Rugby, Sailing, Shooting, Table Tennis, Taekwondo, Tennis, Triathlon, Volleyball, Weightlifting, Wrestling, Baseball, Bowling, Cricket, Kabaddi, Karate, Sepaktakraw, Squash, Wushu

ASIAN GAMES 2014: Indian Medal WinnersList of Gold Medalists for India: (11)

» Jitu Rai: Men's 50 metre pistol shooting
» Sandeep Kumar, Rajat Chauhan, Abhishek Verma: Men's compound team archery
» Saurav Ghosal, Harinder Pal Singh Sandhu, Mahesh Mangaonkar, Kumar Kush: Men's team squash
» Yogeshwar Dutt: Men's freestyle 65 kg wrestling
» Seema Punia: Women's discuses throw athletics
» Sania Mirza, Saketh Myneni: Mixed doubles tennis
» M.C. Mary Kom: Women's 48-51 kg boxing
» Indian team: Men's hockey
» Priyanka Panwar, Tintu Luka, Mandeep Kaur, M. Poovamma: Women's 4X400m relay athletics
» Indian team: Women's kabaddi
» Indian team: Men's kabaddi

List of Silver Medalists for India: (10)

» Saurav Ghosal: Men's singles squash
» Pemba Tamang, Gurpreet Singh, Vijay Kumar: Men's 25m centre fire pistol team shooting
» Dipika Pallikal, Joshna Chinappa, Anaka Alankamony: Women's team squash
» Abhishek Verma: Men's individual compound archery
» Khushbir Kaur: Women's 20 km race walk athletics
» Saketh Myneni, Sanam Singh: Men's doubles tennis
» Bajrang Kumar: Men's freestyle 61 kg wrestling
» Vikas Gowda: Men's discus throws athletics
» Tintu Luka: Women's 800m athletics
» Manju Bala: Women's hammer throws athletics

List of Bronze Medalists for India: (36)

» Shweta Chaudhary: Women's 10 metre pistol shooting
» Jitu Rai, Samaresh Jung, Prakash Nanjappa: Men's 10 metre air pistol team shooting
» Saina Nehwal, PV Sindhu, P.C. Thulasi, Pradnya Gadre, N. Siki Reddy, Ashwini Ponnappa, Tanvi Lad: Women's team badminton
» Rahi Sarnobat, Anisa Sayyed, Heena Sidhu: Women's 25 metre pistol team shooting
» Dipika Pallikal: Women's singles squash
» Abhinav Bindra, Ravi Kumar, Sanjeev Rajput: Men's 10 metre air rifle team shooting
» Abhinav Bindra: Men's 10 metre air rifle shooting
» Yumnam Sanathoi Devi: Women's sanda -52 kg wushu
» Narendra Grewal: Men's sanda -60 kg wushu
» Dushyant Chauhan: Men's lightweight single sculls rowing
» Sawarn Singh: Men's single sculls rowing
» Kapil Sharma, Ranjit Singh, Bajrang Lal Thakhar, Robin Ulahannan, Sawan Kumar Kalkal, Mohammad Azad, Maninder Singh, Davinder Singh, Mohammed Ahmed: men's eight rowing
» Shagun Chowdhary, Shreyasi Singh, Varsha Varman: Women's double trap team shooting
» Sandeep Sejwal: Men's 50m breaststroke swimming
» Purvasha Sudhir, Surekha Vennam, Trisha Deb: Women's compound team archery
» Chain Singh: Men's 50m rifle 3 positions shooting
» Trisha Deb: Women's individual compound archery
» Vinesh Phogat: Women's freestyle 48 kg wrestling
» Geetika Jakhar: Women's freestyle 63 kg wrestling
» Lalita Babar: Women's 3,000m steeplechase athletics
» Yuki Bhambri: Men's singles tennis
» Yuki Bhambri, Divij Sharan: Men's doubles tennis
» Sania Mirza, Prarthana Thombare: Women's double tennis
» M. Poovamma: Women's 400m athletics
» Arokia Rajiv: Men's 400m athletics
» O.P. Jaisha: Women's 1,500m athletics
» Narsingh Pancham Yadav: Men's freestyle 74 kg wrestling
» Naveen Kumar: Men's 3,000m steeplechase athletics
» L. Sarita Devi: Women's 57-60 kg boxing
» Pooja Rani: 75 kg boxing
» Varsha Gautam, Aishwarya Nedunchezhiyan: Women's 29er two person dinghy sailing
» India: Women's hockey
» Annu Rani: Women's javelin throw athletics
» Satish Kumar: Men's +91 kg boxing
» Vikas Krishan: Men's 75 kg boxing
» Inderjeet Singh: Men's shot put athletics

First Asian Games:

» The first Asian Games began on March 4, 1951 in New Delhi.
» The Asian Games Association has choosen shining sun as its symbol.
» The AGF (Asian Games Federation) adopted 'Ever Onward', given by Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru, as the motto of the Asian Games.
» The emblem of Asian Games is a 'bright full rising sun' with interlocking rings.
» The Maharaja of Patiala presented the Torch and the flag for the first Asian Games and since then they have been carried from country to country.

History of Asian Games: The Asian Games, also known as Asiad, described as the second largest multi-sport event after the Olympic Games held every four years among athletes from all over Asia. The Games have been organized by the Olympic Council of Asia (OCA), and are recognized by the International Olympic Committee (IOC).

Asian Games Federation in 1949, succeeding the Far Eastern Championship Games held in Manila, the Philippines, in 1913 and the West Asian Games held in New Delhi, India, in 1934.

The West Asian Games were held in New Delhi, India, in 1934, and were participated in by India, Afghanistan, Sri Lanka and Palestine. In 1948, when the 14th London Olympic Games were held, six countries including Korea, the Philippines, Myanmar, India, Taiwan and Sri Lanka gathered and decided to host a combined Asian games. This led to the establishment of the AGF (Asian Games Federation) operated by National Olympic Committees in 1949.

Asian Games Host Cities:

No.	Host Country	Host City	Year Held
No.	Host Country	Host City	Year Held
16	China	Guangzhou	2010
15	Qatar	Doha	2006
14	Korea	Busan	2002
13	Thailand	Bangkok	1998
12	Japan	Hiroshima	1994
11	China	Beijing	1990
10	Korea	Seoul	1986
9	India	New Delhi	1982
8	Thailand	Bangkok	1978
7	Iran	Tehran	1974
6	Thailand	Bangkok	1970
5	Thailand	Bangkok	1966
4	Indonesia	Jakarta	1962
3	Japan	Tokyo	1958
2	Philippines	Manila	1954
1	India	New Delhi	1951