Sunday, July 4, 2010

APPSC GENERAL SCIENCE

PIONEERS OF NUCLEAR PHYSICS RESEARCH
Scientist
Nationality
Discovery
Recognition
J J Thomson
Britain
Electron (1897)
Nobel in Physics (1906)
Henri Becquerel
Belgium
Radioactivity (1896)
Nobel in Physics (1903)
Ernest Rutherford
New Zealand
Structure of atom (1907)
Nobel in Chemistry (1908)
He is regarded as the father of nuclear physics
Franco Rasetti
Italy/USA
Nuclear spin (1929)

James Chadwick
Britain
Neutron (1932)
Nobel in Physics (1935)
Enrico Fermi
Italy/USA
Nuclear chain reaction (1942)
Neutron irradiation
Nobel in Physics (1938)
Hideki Yukawa
Japan
Strong nuclear force (1935)
Nobel in Physics (1949)
Hans Bethe
Germany/USA
Nuclear fusion (1939)
Nobel in Physics (1967)
Keywords: India, ias, upsc, civil service, study material, general studies, general science, free

APPLICATIONS OF NUCLEAR PHYSICS
Application
Developed by
Working principle
Use
Nuclear power
Enrico Fermi (Italy, 1934)
Nuclear fission
Power generation
Nuclear weapons
Enrico Fermi (Italy, 1934)
Edward Teller (USA, 1952)
Nuclear fission
Nuclear fusion
Weapons
Radioactive pharmaceuticals
Sam Seidlin (USA, 1946)
Radioactive decay
Cancer, endocrine tumours, bone treatment
Medical imaging
David Kuhl, Roy Edwards (USA, 1950s)
Nuclear magnetic resonance (for MRI)
Positron emission (for PET)
MRI: Musculosketal, cardiovascular, brain, cancer imaging
PET: cancer, brain diseases imaging
Radiocarbon dating
Willard Libby (USA, 1949)
Radioactive decay of carbon-14
Archaeology
Keywords: India, ias, upsc, civil service, study material, general studies, general science, free

IMPORTANT NUCLEAR RESEARCH FACILITIES
Nuclear research facilities in the world

Facility
Location
Established
Famous for
Brookhaven National Lab
New York
1947
Until 2008 world’s largest heavy-ion collider
European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN)
Geneva
1954
World’s largest particle physics lab
Birthplace of the World Wide Web
Large Hadron Collider (LHC)
Fermilab
Chicago
1967
Tevatron – world’s second largest particle accelerator
ISIS
Oxfordshire (England)
1985
Neutron research
Joint Institute for Nuclear Research
Dubna, Russia
1956
Collaboration of 18 nations including former Soviet states, China, Cuba
Lawrence Berkeley National Lab
California
1931
Discovery of multiple elements including astatine, and plutonium
Lawrence Livermore National Lab
California
1952

Los Alamos National Lab
New Mexico, USA
1943
The Manhattan Project
National Superconducting Cyclotron lab
Michigan
1963
Rare isotope research
Oak Ridge National Lab
Tennessee
1943
World’s fastest supercomputer – Jaguar
Sudbury Neutrino Lab
Ontario
1999
Located 2 km underground
Studies solar neutrinos
TRIUMF (Tri University Meson Facility)
Vancouver
1974
World’s largest cyclotron
Yongbyon Nuclear Scientific Research Centre
Yongbyon, North Korea
1980
North Korea’s main nuclear facility
Sandia National Lab
New Mexico, USA
1948
Z Machine (largest X-ray generator in the world)
Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Oncology and Radiotherapy (INOR)
Abbottabad, NWFP (Pakistan)


Pakistan Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology (PINSTECH)
Islamabad
1965

Keywords: India, ias, upsc, civil service, study material, general studies, general science, free

Nuclear research facilities in India

Facility
Location
Established
Famous for
Bhabha Atomic Research Centre
Bombay
1954
India’s primary nuclear research centre
India’s first reactor Apsara
Variable Energy Cyclotron Centre (VECC)
Calcutta
1977
First cyclotron in India
Institute for Plasma Research (IPR)
Gandhinagar
1982
Plasma physics
Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research (IGCAR)
Kalpakkam
1971
Fast breeder test reactor (FBTR)
KAMINI (Kalapakkam Mini) light water reactor
Built the reactor for Advanced Technology Vessel (ATV)
Saha Institute for Nuclear Physics
Calcutta
1949

Tata Institute for Fundamental Research (TIFR)
Bombay
1945

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